Social Welfare Schemes 1

സെക്രട്ടറിയേറ്റ് അസിസ്റ്റൻറ് പോലുള്ള ഡിഗ്രി ലെവൽ പരീക്ഷകളിൽ പത്ത് മാർക്കിനുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ സാമൂഹ്യക്ഷേമ പദ്ധതികളിൽ നിന്നും ചോദിക്കാറുണ്ട്. നന്നായി പഠിച്ചുകഴിഞ്ഞാൽ പോലും പരീക്ഷാ ഹാളിൽ കൺഫ്യൂഷൻ ഉളവാക്കാൻ പോന്നവയാണ് ഈ ഭാഗത്തെ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ. ഇപ്പോളും പുതിയ പുതിയ പദ്ധതികൾക്ക് കേന്ദ്ര-സംസ്ഥാന സർക്കാരുകൾ രൂപം കൊടുക്കുന്നതിനാൽ ആനുകാലികവുമായും ഈ ഭാഗം ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. സാമൂഹ്യക്ഷേമ പദ്ധതികളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ ആണ് നമുക്ക് തുടർന്ന് PSC ക്ലാസ്സ്മുറിയിൽ പഠിക്കാനുള്ളത്

 അന്ത്യോദയ അന്ന യോജന, ബാലിക സമൃദ്ധി യോജന, ഭാരത് നിർമ്മാൺ, ഇന്ദിര ആവാസ് യോജന എന്നീ പദ്ധതികളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത് 

• Prime Minister who started Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)

                 AB Vajpayee

• Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) was started on

                 25th December 2000

• Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) was started at

                 Rajasthan

• Anthyodaya Anna Yojana was concerned for

                 Poorest of poor among BPL families

• Scheme started to provide rice and wheat at low rate through public distribution system

                 Anthyodaya Anna Yojana

• Anthyodaya Anna Yojana was implemented by

                 Food and civil supplies department

• AAY was started during the period of 

                 9th five year plan

• Food grains allocated through AAY

                 35 Kg of rice and wheat with 3Rs/Kg rice and 2Rs/Kg wheat

• Anthyodaya list in rural areas are approved by

                 Department of rural development

• Anthyodaya list in urban areas are approved by

                 Department of urban development

• Color of Anthyodaya ration card

                 Yellow

• Identification of Anthyodaya families and issuing ration cards is the responsibilities of 

                 State government

• Prime Minister who started Balika Samridhi Yojana (BSY)

                 IK Gujral

• BSY started on 

                 15th August 1997

• Five year plan during which BSY introduced 

                 9th Five year plan

• Grant amount for girl children under BSY

                 Rs. 500

• Beneficiaries of BSY

                 2 girl children in each household born on or after 15/8/1997

• Eligibility criteria for BSY

                 Girl children belongs to BPL, SC\ST family

• BSY implemented through

                 ICDS infrastructure in rural areas and functionaries of Health department in Urban areas

• Objectives of BSY are

                 To change the negative attitude towards girl children, To improve enrollment and retention of girl children in school, To raise the age of marriage of girls, To assist the girl to undertake income generating activities

• Insurance policy for girls associated with BSY

                 Bhagya Shri Balika Kalyan Bima Yojana

• Prime Minister who started Bharat Nirman

                 Manmohan Singh

• Bharat Nirman started on 

                 16th December 2005

• Five year plan during which Bharat Nirman introduced 

                 10th Five year plan

• Main objective of Bharat Nirman

                 Building infrastructure and bringing basic amenities to Rural India

• Aims of Bharat Nirman are

                 To provide safe drinking water to all under developed areas in India by 2012, To develop housing facilities for the poor, Provide electricity to every village, To provide additional 1 crore hecters of irrigational useful land by 2012, To cover 40% of rural areas with telecommunication by 2014, Provide broadband coverage to all Panchayath by the year 2012, Construct all weather roads by 2012 to connect all villages of India having a minimum population of 500

• Six parts included in Bharat Nirman

                 Water (National Rural Drinking Water Program), Roads (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), Housing (Indira Awas Yojana), Telephone, Electricity (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana), Irrigation

• Prime Minister who started Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)

                 Rajiv Gandhi

• IAY started on 

                 22 May 1985

• Five year plan during which IAY introduced 

                 7th Five year plan

• Amount granted under IAY for repairing house

                 Rs. 15000

• IAY was launched as a sub-scheme of 

                 RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program)

• IAY merged to Jawahar Rozgar Yojana in 

                 1989

• Which department has the responsibility of IAY 

                 Ministry of Rural Development

• Objective of IAY 

                 Construction of houses free of cost to SC/ST and poor below poverty line

• IAY is related to the construction of

                 Rural Housing

• IAY houses are allotted in the name of

                 Woman of the family or jointly between husband and wife

• IAY houses shall not be alienated for a period of

                 15 Years

• Software launched in 2010 to assist improved administration of IAY

                 Awaas Soft

• Amount of financial assistance given under IAY

                 70,000 in plain areas and 75,000 in high land areas

• Main sponsor of IAY is

                 Central Government

• IAY changed to an independent scheme on 

                 1st January 1996

• Necessary conditions to built houses in IAY

                 Sanitary Latrine, Smokeless kitchen, No involvement of contractors

• To integrate the provision of shelter with sanitation and drinking water, IAY enlarged in 1999-2000 as

                 Samagra Awas Yojana (SAY)

• New name of IAY

                 National Gramin Awaas Mission

• Extended beneficiaries of IAY

                 Non-SC/ST Categories, widows or next kin of defence personnel killed in action. Ex-service men and retired members of the para military forces

• Top up loan eligible for IAY beneficiaries

                 20,000/-
                                                                                                       (To be Continued...)

Biology 5

ഹോർമോണുകളും ഗ്രന്ഥികളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Study of origin of human

                Anthrapogenesis

• Scientific name of man

                Homo sapiens

• Genus to which man belongs

                Homo

• Species to which man belongs

                Sapiens

• Study of glands and hormones of the body

                Endocrinology

• Glands which produces their secretions through particular ducts

                Ducted glands

• Examples of ducted glands

                Lachrymal glands, salivary glands, liver and sweat glands

• Glands which leaves secretions directly into the blood system

                Ductless glands

• Examples of ductless glands

                Endocrine glands

• Non nutrient chemical messengers of the body

                Hormones

• The term hormone was first coined by

                EH Starling

• First discovered hormone

                Secretin

• Largest gland in human body

                Liver

• Largest endocrine gland in human body

                Thyroid gland

• Only one heterocrine gland (which acts as both endocrine and exocrine) in human body 

                Pancreas

• Part of brain that controls secretion of pituitary hormones

                Hypothalamus

• Only one neurocrine gland in human body

                Hypothalamus

• Hormones produced by Hypothalamus

                Oxytocin, Vasopressin

• Hormone which is called as ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)

                Vasopressin

• Water balance in the body is mainly controlled by

                ADH

• Hormone which helps in the contraction of uterus during parturition

                Oxytocin

• Condition of excessive thirst and the excretion of excess urine due to the insufficient Vasopressin in the body is known as

                Diabetes insipidus

• Gland which is known as master gland

                Pituitary gland

• Hormones produced by Pituitary glands

                Somatotrophic hormone

• Hormone which is called as growth hormone

                Somatotrophic hormone

• Glands which controls other glands

                Pituitary glands

• Milk secreting hormones produced by Pituitary glands

                Prolactin

• Outer part of adrenal gland is known as 

                Adrenal cortex

• Inner part of adrenal gland is known as 

                Adrenal medulla

• Adrenal glands situated over

                Kidney

• Adrenal medulla producing hormones

                Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline

• Hormones called as emergency hormones or hormones of flight\fight

                Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline

• Hormones which increasing the heart beat and blood pressure

                Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline

• Hormone which is called as Surgical hormone

                Nor-adrenaline

• Hormone which is injecting after surgery to control the blood pressure

                Nor-adrenaline

• Group of hormones produced by Adrenal cortex is commonly called

                Corticoids

• Salt retaining hormone in human body

                Aldosterone

• Gland which is called as 3F and 4S gland

                Adrenal gland

• Sex hormones are produced by

                Adrenal cortex

• Largest endocrine gland in human body

                Thyroid gland

• Hormones produced by thyroid glands

                Thyroxine and calcitonin

• Mineral present in Thyroxine which is essential for the metabolism

                Iodine

• Mineral which is required for the healthy functioning of thyroid gland

                Iodine

• Major function of thyroid gland is to 

                Control growth and metamorphosis

• Enlargement of thyroid gland due to the insufficient iodine is called

                Simple goiter

• Hormones secreted by Pancreas

                Insulin and Glucagon

• Digestive juice produced by pancreas

                Pancreatic juice

• Insulin producing tissues in pancreas is known as

                Islets of Langerhans

• Alpha cells and Beta cells are present in 

                Islets of Langerhans

• Hormones secreted by Alpha cells

                Glucagon

• Hormones secreted by Beta cells

                Insulin

• Disease caused by the deficiency of insulin

                Diabetis

• Insulin produced outside human body

                Humulin

• Normal value of blood sugar in human blood

                80 to 120mg/100ml

• Condition of excretion of sugar through urine when its level in blood exceeds 150mg is called

                Diabetis melitus

• Hormone which converts excess glucose into glycogen

                Insulin

• Hormone which re-converts glycogen into glucose

                Glucagon
                                                                                   (To be Continued...)

Biology 4

വിറ്റാമിനുകളെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള കൂടുതൽ വിവരങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• The name Vitamin was coined by

                   Casimir Funk

• No of Vitamins discovered yet

                   13

• No of Vitamins in B complex

                   8

• Fat soluble Vitamins are

                   A,D,E, and K

• Water soluble Vitamins are

                   B and C

• Vitamins produced in small intestine due to the action of bacteria are

                   Vitamin B7, B5, K

• Nutrients which kn  known as co-enzyme

                   Vitamins

• Most important vitamin required for the health of eyes

                   Vitamin A

• Vitamin which is abundant in green leafy vegetables

                   Vitamin A

• Pigment which is known as pro vitamin A

                   Beta Carotene

• Vitamin which is abundant in milk

                   Vitamin A

• Vitamin which is abundant in bran

                   Vitamin B

• Vitamin which is sensitive to light

                   Vitamin B2

• Vitamin which gives pale yellow color to the milk is

                   Vitamin B2

• Vitamin lost if milk is exposed to sunlight for a long time

                   Vitamin B2

• Vitamin which is previously called as Vitamin H

                   Vitamin B7

• Vitamin which prevent premature graying of hair and hair loss

                   Vitamin B7

• Vitamin which contains the element Cobalt

                   Vitamin B12

• Man made form of Vitamin B12, used to treat Vitamin B12 deficiency diseases

                   Cyanocobalamin

• Main function of Cobalt in Vitamin B12

                   Absorption of Iron

• The first artificially synthesized vitamin is

                   Vitamin C

• Vitamin which deteriorates through cooking and canning of food

                   Vitamin C

• Vitamin which give immunity to our body and helps to heal the wound

                   Vitamin C

• Vitamin which improve the absorption of iron into blood

                   Vitamin C

• Vitamin which excreted through urine

                   Vitamin C

• Bleeding from gums occurs due to the deficiency of

                   Vitamin C

• Relatively large doses of ascorbic acid may cause

                   Indigestion and diarrhea

• Vitamin which is produced in the human body by the action of ultraviolet rays on the cholesterol present in the skin

                   Vitamin D

• Vitamin required for the proper development of bones and cartilage is 

                   Vitamin D

• Vitamin which helps to increase the rate of absorption of calcium into the body

                   Vitamin D

• Two forms of vitamin D are

                   Vitamin 2 (Ergosterol), Vitamin D3 (Colcalciferol)

• Vitamin which helps to protect the heart

                   Vitamin E

• Vitamin which abundant in egg yolk is 

                   Vitamin E

• Vitamin which helps blood clotting by forming prothrombin after an injury

                   Vitamin K

• Vitamin known as Sunshine vitamin

                   Vitamin D

• Vitamin known as Fresh food vitamin

                   Vitamin C

• Vitamin known as Anti-sterility vitamin

                   Vitamin E

• Vitamin known as Beauty vitamin

                   Vitamin E

• Vitamin known as Hormone vitamin

                   Vitamin E

• Vitamin known as anti ricketic vitamin

                   Vitamin D

• Vitamin known as Coagulation vitamin

                   Vitamin K

• Vitamin known as anti pellagra vitamin

                   Vitamin B3

• Deficiency of vitamin A causes

                   Xerophthalmia and night blindness

• Deficiency of vitamin B1 causes

                   Beri-Beri

• Deficiency of vitamin B3 causes

                   Pellagra

• Deficiency of vitamin B9 causes

                   Anaemia

• Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes

                   Perinicious anaemia

• Deficiency of vitamin C causes

                   Scurvy

• Deficiency of vitamin D causes

                   Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults

• Deficiency of vitamin E causes

                   Sterility

• Deficiency of vitamin K causes

                   Hemorrhage
                                                                                  (To be Continued...)

Biology 3

പ്രോട്ടീൻ, ഫാറ്റ്, മിനറൽസ്, ജലം തുടങ്ങിയ പോഷക ഘടകങ്ങളും വിറ്റാമിനുകളുടെ രാസനാമങ്ങളുമാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Proteins are made up of

                  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

• Functions of proteins are

                  Building up of body, growth and repair

• Nutrients known as body builders

                  Protein

• During starvation, which nutrient serve as source of energy

                  Protein

• Basic building units of Proteins

                  Amino acids

• Highest percentage of Protein (72%) is present in 

                  Soyabean

• Digestion of Carbohydrate begins in 

                  Mouth

• Digestion of Protein begins in 

                  Stomach

• Deficiency of protein in children causes 

                  Marasmus and Kwashiorkar

• Nutrient which turn yellow with Nitric acid

                  Protein

• Simple unit of fat is

                  Triglyceride

• Simple unit of Carbohydrate is

                  Glucose

• Function of fat is

                  Serves as stored food for production of energy

• Energy sources in human body

                  Fats and Carbohydrates

• Main sources of fats are

                  Groundnuts, almonds, ghee, butter etc

• Energy provided by one gram of Carbohydrate is

                  4 Calorie

• Energy provided by one gram of Protein is

                  4.1 Calorie

• Energy provided by one gram of Fat is

                  9.3 Calorie

• Inorganic substances required by body in small quntities

                  Minerals

• Minerals required for the production of haemoglobin

                  Iron

• Minerals required for the production of Insulin

                  Zinc

• Min daily requirement of Iron for an adult

                  10 mg

• Defieiency of Calcium causes

                  Tetany (Muscles), Osteoporosis (Bones), Stunded growth

• Minerals required in large amount (Macro minerals)

                  Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Sulphur

• Minerals required by the body in traces are (Micro minerals)

                  Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Selenium, Copper, Manganese etc

• Percentage of water in human body

                  65%

• Quantity of water in body of a healthy person

                  35-40 Liter

• Water content of Plasma

                  92%

• Quantity of Plasma in blood

                  55%

• Deficiency of Iron in human body causes

                  Anemia

• Deficiency of Sodium in human body causes

                  Improper muscle contraction

• Deficiency of Iodine in human body causes

                  Goiter, Cretinism, Myxodema

• Deficiency of Zinc in human body causes

                  Reduced respiration

• Chemical name of Vitamin A

                  Retinol

• Chemical name of Vitamin B1

                  Thiamin

• Chemical name of Vitamin B2

                  Riboflavin

• Chemical name of Vitamin B3

                  Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)

• Chemical name of Vitamin B5

                  Pantothenic acid

• Chemical name of Vitamin B6

                  Pyridoxine

• Chemical name of Vitamin B7

                  Biotin

• Chemical name of Vitamin B9

                  Folic acid

• Chemical name of Vitamin B12

                  Cobalamin

• Chemical name of Vitamin C

                  Ascorbic acid

• Chemical name of Vitamin D

                  Calciferol

• Chemical name of Vitamin E

                  Tocopherol

• Chemical name of Vitamin K

                  Phylloquinone
                                                                                 (To be Continued...)

Biology 2

പ്ലാസ്റ്റിഡ്‌സ്, വർണ്ണവസ്തുക്കൾ, ജീവശാസ്ത്രത്തിലെ പ്രധാന പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ, പോഷകങ്ങൾ, കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ്സ്‌ എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാദത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Flat circular organelle found in plant cells which is not present in animal cells

                 Plastids

• Three types of plastids

                 Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, and Chromoplasts

• Site of Photosynthesis

                 Chloroplasts

• Plastids which give colors to flowers and leaves of plants

                 Chromoplasts

• Yellow color of turmeric is due to

                 Curcumin

• Orange color of Carrot is due to

                 Carotene

• Red color of tomato is due to

                 Lycopine

• Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the presence of

                 Chloroplasts

• Element present in Chlorophyll

                 Magnesium

• White colored or colorless plastids are called

                 Leucoplasts

• Plant that does not contain chlorophyll

                 Fungi

• Pigment in Chloroplasts which gives green color to the plants

                 Chlorophyll

• Pigment which gives purple and blue color to the flowers

                 Anthocyanin

• Pigment which gives yellow color to the leaves, fruits and flowers

                 Xanthophyll

• Which book is called as Physician's Handbook

                 Charaka Samhitha

• Author of Ashtanga Hridayam

                 Vagbhadacharya

• Author of Micrographia

                 Robert Hooke

• Author of The origin of species

                 Charles Darwin

• Author of History of Animals

                 Aristotle

• Author of Interpetation of Dreams

                 Sigmund Freuyd

• Author of The geographical distribution of Animals

                 Alfred Russel Wallace

• Author of Systema Naturae

                 Carl Linnaeus

• Organisms which prepare food their own are called as 

                 Autotrophs (Eg: Green plants)

• Organisms which cannot prepare food their own and is mainly dependent on green plants are  called as 

                 Heterotrophs

• Organisms which derive their food from dead and rotten materials are called as 

                 Saprophytes

• Examples of Saprophytes

                 Bacteria, mushrooms, yeast, bread mould etc

• Organisms that live on or inside other living organisms to derive their food are called

                 Parasites

• Authority which testifies the purity and quality of bottles of jiuce, squash, soap etc

                 Fruit Product Order (FPO)

• Examples of balanced diets

                 Milk, Soyabean

• Carbohydrates are made up of

                 Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

• Ratio of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Carbohydrates

                 2:1

• Examples of Carbohydrates

                 Glucose, Cellulose, Sugar starch etc

• Major function of Carbohydrates

                 Production of energy

• Sources of Carbohydrates are

                 Rice, wheat, honey, sugar, potato, carrot etc

• In plants carbohydrate is stored as

                 Starch

• In animals carbohydrate is stored as

                 Glycogen

• Carbohydrate required for an adult person per day

                 400-500gm

• Sugar present in high concentration in liver

                 Glycogen

• Maximum starch content in rice is

                 70-80%

• basic unit of starch is

                 Glucose

• Deficiency of carbohydrate cause

                 Weight loss and tiredness
                                                                                       (To be Continued...)

Biology 1

ജീവശാസ്ത്രത്തിലേക്ക് കടക്കുമ്പോൾ പ്രധാന ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്മാരും കോശങ്ങളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത്.

• The branch of science that deals with the study of living things

                   Biology

• The term 'Biology' was coined by

                   Lamarck

• The term 'species' was coined by

                   John Ray

• Father of Biology

                   Aristotle

• Father of Zoology

                   Aristotle

• Father of Botany

                   Theophrastus

• Father of Modern Botany

                   Carl Linnaeus

• Father of Indian Botany

                   William Roxburgh

• Scientist who discovered that the body of plant is made up of cells

                   MJ Schleiden

• Scientist who discovered that the body of animal is made up of cells

                   Theodor Schwann

• Nucleus was discovered by

                   Robert Brown

• Structural and functional unit of life

                   Cell

• The word 'cell' was derived from the Latin word 'cellula' meaning

                   Small room

• Study of cells

                   Cytology

• Cell was discovered by

                   Robert Hooke

• A group of cells form a

                   Tissue

• Study of tissue

                   Histology

• Scientist who formulated the cell theory

                   MJ Schleiden and Theoder Schwann

• Scientist who suggested that all new cells are derived from pre-existing cells by division (Modify cell theory)

                   Rudolf Virchow

• Outermost covering of a plant cell is made up of

                   Cell wall

• Outermost covering of an animal cell is made up of

                   Cell membrane

• Cell wall is made up of

                   Cell wall

• Cell wall is  

                   Hardest and undigestable sugar, Abscent in animal cells

• Liquid found inside the cell is

                   Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

• Fluid living content of a cell that consist of Ctoplasm and Nucleoplasm

                   Protoplasm

• Physical basis of life is

                   Protoplasm

• Cell without nucleus is called

                   Prokaryotic Cell

• Cell with nucleus is called

                   Eukaryotic Cell

• Cell organalle which converts oxygen and nutrients into energy

                   Mitochondria

• Power house of a cell

                   Mitochondria

• In mitochondria, energy is stored in the form of 

                   ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

• Energy currency of a cell 

                   ATP

• Kreb's cycle takes place in

                   Mitochondria

• Cell organalle which helps in protein synthesis

                   Ribosomes

• Suicidal bags in cells

                   Lysosome

• Enzyme present in lysosome

                   Hydrolytic enzymes

• Sectertory of the Cell

                   Golgi Complex

• Cell organalle present in animal cells and not in Plant cell is

                   Centrioles

• Skeltal system of the cell

                   Golgi Bodies

• Genetic material of the cell

                   DNA

• Brain of the cell

                   Nucleus

• Kitchen of the cell

                   Chloroplast

• Cell division that take place in plant and animals for growth

                   Mitosis

• Cell division that take place in grem cells for the formation of gametes

                   Meiosis

• Largest Cell

                   Egg of Ostrich

• Smallest Cell

                   Mycoplasma

• Largest Cell in human

                   Ovum

• Smallest Cell in human

                   Sperm

• Longest Cell in human

                   Neuron

• Largest no of Cells in human body

                   Red Blood Cells (RBC)

• Blood cell having longest lifespan in human

                   Red Blood Cells
                                                                             (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 5

രാസമാറ്റങ്ങൾ, ലോഹങ്ങൾ അവയുടെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ എന്നിവയാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്

• A change in matter in which no new substances are produced

                 Physical Change

• A change in matter in which one or more new substances are produced

                 Chemical Change

• Examples for a chemical change

                 Burning of wood, Rusting of iron

• Examples for a Physical change

                 Melting, Freezing, Dissolving

• Elements which may loose electrons in chemical reaction are called

                 Metals

• Element used in fire crackers to get sparkling red color flame

                 Strontium

• Element used in fire crackers to get orange color flame

                 Calcium

• Element used in fire crackers to get green color flame

                 Barium

• Element used in fire crackers to get yellow color flame

                 Sodium

• Element stored in oil due to its high reactivity

                 Barium

• Radio active element in Alkaline Earth Metals

                 Radium

• Radio active liquid element

                 Francium

• Radio active gaseous element

                 Radon

• Naturally occurring compound of Beryllium

                 Emerald

• Property of metals capable of being drawn into wires is

                 Ductility

• Property of metals capable of being hammered into very thin sheets is

                 Malleability

• Property of metals to produce a ringing sound when it stuck with a hard surface

                 Sonority

• Element which kept in wax

                 Lithium

• The lightest metal

                 Lithium

• Densest metal

                 Osmium

• Hardest Metal

                 Chromium

• Rainbow metal

                 Iridium

• The strongest reducing agent

                 Lithium

• Metals which kept in kerosene due to its high reactivity 

                 Sodium and Potassium

• Elements which known as soft metals

                 Sodium and Potassium

• Metal which regulates Blood pressure in human beings

                 Sodium

• Compound of Sodium which is used as air purifier in submarines and in respiratory equipments

                 Sodium Peroxide

• Chemicals used in fire extinguishers

                 Sodium Bicarbonate and Potassium Bicarbonate

• Compound known as Baking Soda

                 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

• Compound known as washing Soda

                 Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

• Mixture of sodium bicarbonate and Tartaric acid salt

                 Baking powder

• Compound used as a fixer in photographic films

                 Hypo (Sodium Thiosulphate)

• Element used as coolant in nuclear reactors

                 Liquid Sodium

• Chemicals used for purifying water

                 Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

• Metals related to arthritis

                 Potassium

• Chemicals used in organic farming for neutralizing acidic soil 

                 Potassium bicarbonate

• Raw material which is used in cement manufacturing

                 Lime stone

• Compound which is used to regulate the setting time of cement

                 Gypsum

• Perl is composed of 

                 Calcium carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate

• Perl is soluble in

                 Vinegar

• Gas released when heating lime stone

                 Carbon Dioxide

• Gas which turns Milk of lime into Milky color

                 Carbon Dioxide

• Coral reefs are composed of 

                 Calcium Carbonate

• Compound contained in Bone mineral

                 Calcium Phosphate

• Compound used for the dehydration of gases

                 Calcium oxide

• Chemical name of bleaching powder

                 Calcium hypochlorite
                                                                                         (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 4

രാസപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ, ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കാണപ്പെടുന്ന മൂലകങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Substances that present in a chemical reaction which reacts together to form a product

                  Reactants

• Final substances that are formed from a chemical reaction

                  Products

• A substance that speed up a chemical reaction 

                  Catalyst

• A chemical reaction in which heat is released

                  Exothermic reactions

• A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed

                  Endothermic reactions

• A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons

                  Oxidation

• A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons

                  Reduction

• Ability of an atom to accept the electrons is known as 

                  Electronegativity

• Electronegativity was discovered by

                  Linus Pauling

• Electronegativity scale was discovered by

                  Linus Pauling

• Ability of an atom to donate the electrons is known as 

                  Electropositivity

• Union of atoms of two or more elements by mutual attraction 

                  Chemical bond

• A bond formed by transferring electrons from one atom to another is called

                  Ionic Bond

• A bond formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms is called

                  Covalent Bond

• Combining capacity of an atom to another is called

                  Valancy

• A process in which solid turns straight into a gas

                  Sublimation

• Examples of Sublimation

                  Napthalene, Camphor

• A process in which gas turns into solid

                  Deposition

• A process in which liquid turns into gas

                  Vaporization

• A process in which gas turns into liquid

                  Condensation

• A process in which solid turns into liquid

                  Melting

• A process in which liquid turns into solid

                  Freezing

• Method for separating metals having low melting point

                  Liquation

• Device in which electricity produced at cost of chemical reaction by oxidation-reduction process is known as 

                  Electro chemical cell

• Process of heating the ore below its melting point in the absence of air to remove volatile impurities like Arsenic called

                  Calcination

• Method to separate a mixture of colored compounds 

                  Chromatography

• Deposition of a metal on another by electric current is called

                  Electroplating

• Chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with water

                  Hydrolysis

• Chemical decomposition by the action of heat is known as 

                  Pyrolysis

• Process of heating milk to 72 degree about 16 seconds and then cooling it to 4 degree to destroy harmful bacteria is called

                  Pasteurization

• Method of separating a substance from a mixture of liquids having different boiling points 

                  Distillation

• Most abundant element in Earth crust

                  Oxygen (46.6%)

• Second most abundant element in Earth crust

                  Silicon (27.7%)

• Third most abundant element in Earth crust

                  Aluminium (8.3%)

• Most abundant element in atmosphere

                  Nitrogen (78%)

• Second most abundant element in atmosphere

                  Oxygen (21%)

• Third most abundant element in atmosphere

                  Argon (0.9%)

• Most abundant element in universe

                  Hydrogen

• Most abundant element in human body

                  Oxygen

• Most abundant metal in human body and developed animals

                  Calcium

• Most abundant metal in Earth Crust

                  Aluminium

• Most abundant metalloid in Earth Crust

                  Silicon

• Most abundant element in sea water

                  Chlorine

• Most abundant metal in bones

                  Calcium

• Most abundant metal compound in bones

                  Calcium phosphate

• Most abundant compound on Earth's surface

                  Water

• Most abundant compound in sea water

                  Sodium Chloride

• Second most abundant compound in sea water

                  Magnesium Chloride

• Second most abundant compound in Earth crust

                  Magnesium Oxide
                                                                                                  (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 3

ആവർത്തന പട്ടികയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത്

• Father of Periodic table\Periodic table was discovered by

                 Dmitri Mendeleev

• Father of Modern Periodic table

                 Moseley

• Periodic law was put forward by

                 Dmitri Mendeleev

• Modern Periodic law was put forward by

                 Moseley

• Atomic number of elements were discovered by

                 Moseley

• Periodic table of Mendeleev was based on increasing order of

                 Atomic mass

• Who classified elements based on atomic volume

                 Lother Meyer

• Modern Periodic table is based on increasing order of

                 Atomic Number

• Scientist who established measuring and weighing methods in Chemistry

                 Lavoisier

• Horizontal rows of elements in Periodic table 

                 Periods

• No of periods in Periodic table 

                 7

• Vertical column of elements in Periodic table 

                 Groups

• No of groups in Periodic table 

                 18

• Shortest period

                 First Period (Contains only two elements)

• No of elements in periodic table

                 118

• No of naturally occurring elements in periodic table

                 92

• First artificial element

                 Technetium (Atomic number 43)

• Last natural element in periodic table

                 Uranium

• Position of metals in periodic table

                 Left side

• Position of non metals in periodic table

                 Right side

• Natural element having highest atomic weight and atomic number

                 Uranium (92)

• Characteristic of element in one group

                 No of electrons in outermost shell are same

• Element having atomic number greater than that of Uranium and do not occur in nature are called 

                 Synthetic (Transuranic) elements

• Element having name of Earth

                 Tellurium

• Element having name of Moon

                 Celenium

• Element having name of Sun

                 Helium

• Element having name of an asteroid

                 Palladium

• Elements which are named in the honor of women

                 Curium, Meitnarium

• Group 1 elements are called

                 Alkali Metals

• Group 2 elements are called

                 Alkaline Earth Metals

• Elements with atomic number 57-71 are called

                 Lanthanides (Rare earths)

• Elements with atomic number 89-103 are called

                 Actinides (Radio active rare earths)

• Elements included in 3-12 groups are called

                 Transition elements

• Elements other than transition elements are called

                 Representative elements

• Specialty of transitive elements

                 They all are metals and form colored compounds

• Element does not have neutrons in an atom

                 Hydrogen

• Liquid transitive metal

                 Mercury

• Liquid metal at room temperature

                 Mercury

• Liquid non metal at room temperature

                 Bromine

• Metal used as a thermometric fluid

                 Mercury

• Metal which is used in atomic clocks

                 Caesium

• Element used in the dials of clock

                 Radium

• Radium and Plutonium are discovered by

                 Marie Curie

• Metal which shows least expansion

                 Caesium

• Element having highest electro negativity

                 Fluorine

• Element having least electro negativity

                 Francium, Caesium

• Most electro positive stable element

                 Caesium

                                                                                 (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 2

മൂലകങ്ങൾ, മോളിക്യൂൾ, സംയുക്തം, മിശ്രിതം തുടങ്ങിയ ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Smallest particle of substance having all its properties

                 Molecules

• The term 'Molecule' was coined by

                 Avogadro

• No of molecules contained in 1 mole of gas is called

                 Avogadro number

• Avogadro number is

                 6.03x10²³

• International Mole day

                 October 23

• Kinetic Energy of molecules is maximum in

                 Gases

• Names given to the shells where electrons located around the nucleus

                 K, L, M, N, O, P and Q

• Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom which determines its chemical property is called

                 Valance electrons (Valance Shell)

• Sub shells of electron shells are named as

                 s, p, d, f and g

• Maximum number of electrons in each sub shells are

                 s: 2, p: 6, d: 10, f: 14 and g: 18

• Substances which composed of similar kind of atoms is called

                 Element

• The term element was coined by

                 Robert Boyle

• The scientist who first gave definition to the term 'element'

                 Robert Boyle

• The scientist who gave symbols for elements on the basis of their names

                 Berzelius

• The scientist who classified elements into metals and non metals

                 Lavosier

• Elements are classified into

                 Metals, non metals and metalloids

• Elements that conduct electricity, heat and which tend to lose electrons to form positive ions

                 Metals

• Elements that do not conduct electricity, heat and which tend to accept electrons to form negative ions

                 Non-Metals

• Elements showing properties of both metals and non metals

                 Metalloids

• International association which gives names of Elements

                 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

• Substances composed of atoms of 2 or more elements combined in a definite proportion by weight is known as 

                 Compound

• Substances composed of atoms of 2 or more compounds or elements combined in any proportion by weight is known as 

                 Mixture

• Element which forms largest number of compounds

                 Carbon

• Second element which forms largest number of compounds

                 Hydrogen

• Atoms of same element having same atomic number and different mass number are known as 

                 Isotopes

• Isotopes of Hydrogen are

                 Protium, Deuterium, Tritium

• Isotopes are discovered by

                 Frederick Soddy

• Isotope which is used to determine the age of fossils (Carbon dating)

                 Carbon 14

• Isotope which is used for the treatment of cancer

                 Cobalt 60

• Isotope which is used for the treatment of skin cancer

                 Phosphorous 32

• Isotopes which are used as medicines

                 Oxygen 15, Iodine 131

• Atoms of different elements having same mass number and different atomic number

                 Isobars

• Atoms of elements having same number of Neutrons 

                 Isotones

• Compounds with same molecular formula and different structure are known as

                 Isomers

• Different forms of same element with different physical appearances

                 Allotropes

• Example of an allotrope 

                 Diamond, Graphite and Charcoal are allotropes of Carbon

• Allotrope of Oxygen

                 Ozone

• Fructose is an isomer of

                 Glucose
                                                                                                          (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 1

സയൻസിലെ രണ്ടാമത്തെ ഭാഗമായ രസതന്ത്രത്തിലേക്ക് കടക്കുമ്പോൾ ആദ്യം ആറ്റം, ഘടകങ്ങൾ, മോഡലുകൾ, പ്രധാന ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്മാർ എന്നിവയാണ് ആദ്യ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് 

• Ancient name of Chemistry

               Alchemy

• Father of Chemistry

               Robert Boyle

• Father of Modern Chemistry

               Antoine Lavoisier

• International year of Chemistry

               2011

• All substances are made up of tiny particles called

               Atoms

• Meaning of the word Atom (Greek word atomos)

               Indivisible

• Atom was discovered by

               John Dalton

• Law of multiple proportion was put forward by

               John Dalton

• First atomic theory was put forward by

               John Dalton

• The term 'Atom' was coined by

               Ostwald

• Fundamental particles of Atom

               Proton, Neutron and Electron

• Center of Atom that contains Protons and Neutron

               Nucleus

• Sub atomic particles in Nucleus (Nucleons)

               Proton and Neutron

• Heaviest Sub atomic particle

               Neutron

• Lightest Sub atomic particle

               Electron

• Moving particle of Atom

               Electron

• Antiparticle of Neutron with same mass of a Neutron

               Anti-neutron

• Antiparticle of Proton with same mass of a Proton

               Anti-proton

• Nuclear particle with the mass of an Electron but opposite charge

               Positron

• Electron was discovered by

               JJ Thomson

• Proton was discovered by

               Ernest Rutherford

• Nucleus was discovered by

               Ernest Rutherford

• Neutron was discovered by

               James Chadwick

• Charge of Electron

               Negative

• Charge of Proton

               Positive

• Charge of Nucleus

               Positive

• Charge of Neutron

               No Charge

• Chemical property of a substance is determined by

               Electrons

• Number of Protons present in the nucleus of an Atom

               Atomic Number (Z)

• Total number of Protons and Neutrons present in the nucleus of an Atom

               Mass Number (A)

• An atom is bigger than its Nucleus

               105 times

• Circular path on which electrons move around is called

               Orbit

• The orbit followed by moving electrons around Nucleus of an Atom is called

               Shell

• Maximum number of electrons in a shell is

               2n² (n- Number of Shell)

• The first model of atom was put forwarded by

               Neils Bohr

• The most acceptable model of atom

               Bohr's Model

• Planetary model or Nuclear model of atom was put forwarded by

               Rutherford

• Plum pudding, Molecular model of atom was put forwarded by

               J J Thomson

• Wave mechanics model of atom was put forwarded by

               Max Plank

• Dual nature of Electron was put proposed by

               Louis Debroglie

• Uncertainty principle was put proved by 

               Werner Heisenberg

• Atom without Nuetron

               Hydrogen

• Unit of measuring mass of an Atom is

               Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u)

• Element used to find a.m.u

               Carbon 12
                                                                                                    (To be Continued...)

Physics 5

ലെൻസുകൾ, മിററുകൾ, ഇലക്ട്രോ മാഗ്നെറ്റിക് വേവ്‌സ് , രാമൻ എഫക്ട് എന്നിവയാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Lens using in microscope, telescope etc for magnifying images

                  Convex lens

• Lens thicker at center and narrower at edge

                  Convex lens

• Lens in human eyes

                  Convex lens

• Image formed in convex lens

                  Real and Inverted

• Lens narrower at center and thicker at edge

                  Concave lens

• Image formed in concave lens

                  Virtual and erect

• Camera not using lens

                  Pinhole Camera

• Focal length and power of convex lens is always

                  Positive

• Focal length and power of concave lens is always

                  Negative

• Power of a lens increases as its focal length

                  Decreases

• Power of a lens is always

                  Resiprocal of focal length (P=1/f)

• Dentists and ENT doctors using which type of mirrors

                  Concave Mirror

• Type of image formed from Concave mirror

                  Virtual or real image depends on the position of object

• The image obtained from a light ray that do not actually come from the point of source is called

                  Virtual Image

• Shape of reflector behind a spot lamp or car head light 

                  Parabolic

• Size of object and image are same in

                  Plane Mirror

• Shortest length of a plane mirror required to view the full size image of person of height L is

                  L/2

• Persistance of vision in human eye is

                  1/16 Seconds

• Ratio of height of the Image to the height of real object is known as

                  Magnificatin

• Speed of movies

                  24 frames per Second

• Phenominon of appearing right side of a person in mirror image as left side is called

                  Lateral Invertion

• Convex lens is also known as

                  Converging lens

• Concave lens is also known as

                  Diverging lens

• Power of lens is measured in

                  Diopter

• Mirror used in Solar cooker, Car head light

                  Concave Mirror

• Mirror used in rear view mirrors in vehicles

                  Convex Mirror

• Mirror used in Shaving mirrors

                  Concave Mirror

• Short sight and long sight can be corrected together by

                  Bifocal lens

• Bifocal lens was invented by

                  Benjamin Franklin

• Wave range of electro magnetic waves

                  10³ m to 10¹² m

• Electro magnetic waves are

                  Radio waves, micro waves, infra red, visible region, UV, S-rays and gamma rays

• Electro Magentic wave with maximum wave length

                  Radio waves

• Electro Magentic waves used for communication through satellites

                  Microwave

• X rays discoverd by

                  Rongen

• X rays with higher frequency and more penetrating power

                  Hard X rays

• X rays using for radiation and treatment of cancer

                  Hard X rays

• X rays using for photography of internal parts

                  Soft X rays

• X rays originated from outside of Earth is called as

                  Cosmic rays

• Waves using in TV remotes and distant photography

                  Infrared

• Heat of light is due to

                  Infrared

• Waves using for detecting the adulteration of ghee, identification of counterfeit currency

                  Ultra Violet

• Waves using to disinfect surgical equipments, and in tube lights

                  Ultra Violet

• CV Raman discovered Raman effect in 

                  1928 February 28

• National Science day

                  February 28

• CV Raman got nobe prize for Physics in 

                  1930

• Raman effect is associated with 

                  Scattering of light
                                                                              (To be Continued...)

Physics 4

പ്രകാശത്തിൻറെ പ്രത്യേകതകളായ റിഫ്‌ളക്‌ഷൻ, റിഫ്രാക്‌ഷൻ, ടോട്ടൽ ഇൻറെർണൽ റിഫ്‌ളക്‌ഷൻ, ഡിസ്പേഴ്‌സൺ, ഇന്റർഫെറൻസ്, ഡിഫ്രാക്ഷൻ, സ്‌കാറ്ററിങ്, പോളറൈസേഷൻ, ഡോപ്ലർ എഫക്ട് എന്നീ സുപ്രധാന ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് 

• Color having minimum wavelength

                 Violet

• Color having maximum wavelength

                 Red

• Color having minimum frequency

                 Red

• Color having maximum frequency

                 Violet

• Light that scatters most

                 Violet

• Light that scatters least

                 Red

• Color which reflects all other colors

                 White

• Color which absorbs all other colors

                 Black

• Color which absorbs maximum heat

                 Black

• Color which absorbs minimum heat

                 White

• Color which appears on the upper portion of the rainbow

                 Red

• Color which appears on the center of the rainbow

                 Green

• Color which appears on the lower portion of the rainbow

                 Violet

• Distance traveled by light in one year

                 Light year

• Unit used to measure distance between stars

                 Light year

• One light year is

                 9.46x1012

• One Parsec is

                 3.26 light years

• Quantum theory was put forward by

                 Max Plank

• According to Quantum theory, energy packets in light rays called

                 Quantum

• Quantum of light is known as 

                 Photon

• Phenomenon of emission of light from substances after absorption of Photons called as

                 Photo Luminescence

• Phenomenon of bouncing back of light when a beam of light falls on a surface

                 Reflection

• Bending of light when a ray of light travels from one medium to another

                 Refraction

• Phenomena of Mirage in deserts, Twinkling of stars, bending scale immersed in water\glass etc are due to

                 Refraction

• Reason for refraction of light when travels from one medium to another

                 Phase velocity of wave is changed but its frequency remain constant

• Snell's law is related with

                 Refraction

• Fata Morgana is a term associated with

                 Mirage (Superior form of Mirage)

• Measure of optical density of a medium is

                 Refractive index [Speed of light in vacuum/Speed of light in medium]

• Refractive index of Vacuum

                 1 [Ice : 1.31, Water : 1.33]

• Refractive index of Diamond

                 2.42

• Working principle of Optical fiber, endoscopy, Vehicle reflectors, Binoculars

                 Total Internal Reflection

• Sparkling of Diamond is due to

                 Total internal reflection in high refractive index

• Splitting of composite beam of light into its constituent colors is called

                 Dispersion of light

• Dispersion of light is discovered by

                 Issac Newton

• Device used to split composite light into constituent colors

                 Prism

• Rainbow is caused by

                 Total internal reflection, refraction and dispersion of light by water particles

• Red color in rainbow is seen at an angle of

                 42.8 Degree

• Violet color in rainbow is seen at an angle of

                 40.8 Degree

• Shape of rainbow while seeing from space

                 Circle

• Distribution of light when two or more high waves superimpose each other is called

                 Interference

• Colors in soap bubbles, oil layers etc are due to

                 Interference

• Interference was first observed by

                 Thomas Young

• Working principle of Holography\Hologram

                 Interference

• Process of spreading out of light into geometrical shadow of obstacle is called as 

                 Diffraction

• Projector in film theaters works on the principle of 

                 Diffraction

• Rings around the sun, Fringe pattern of CD etc are due to

                 Diffraction

• Blue color of Sky, Reddening of Sun at sunrise and sunset are due to

                 Scattering of light

• The light color which scatters most

                 Violet (Having shorter wave length)

• The light color which scatters least

                 Red (Having longer wave length)

• Black color of sky in Moon is due to 

                 Absence of scattering of light as there is no atmosphere

• Phenomenon of confining the vibration of a transverse wave to a particular direction is called

                 Polarization

• Brewster's Law is associated with

                 Polarization of Light

• Example of natural polarizing material

                 Tourmaline

• Polaroids are using in 

                 Aeroplane and car windows, sun glasses, Three dimensional pictures

• Light scattering by the particles in a colloid is known as

                 Tyndal effect

• Example of Tyndal effect

                 Sunlight passing through mist, blue color seen in smoke emitted from motor cycles

• Change in frequency of a light or sound wave when source or observer moves with respect to the other is known as

                 Doppler effect

• Increase in frequency (decrease in wave length) of visible light when it moves towards observer is called

                 Blue Shift

• Decrease in frequency (Increase in wave length) of visible light when it moves towards observer is called

                 Red Shift

• Blue shift, Red Shift, High pitch of siren of approaching ambulance is due to

                 Doppler effect
                                                                                                  (To be Continued...)