Chemistry 5

രാസമാറ്റങ്ങൾ, ലോഹങ്ങൾ അവയുടെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ എന്നിവയാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്

• A change in matter in which no new substances are produced

                 Physical Change

• A change in matter in which one or more new substances are produced

                 Chemical Change

• Examples for a chemical change

                 Burning of wood, Rusting of iron

• Examples for a Physical change

                 Melting, Freezing, Dissolving

• Elements which may loose electrons in chemical reaction are called

                 Metals

• Element used in fire crackers to get sparkling red color flame

                 Strontium

• Element used in fire crackers to get orange color flame

                 Calcium

• Element used in fire crackers to get green color flame

                 Barium

• Element used in fire crackers to get yellow color flame

                 Sodium

• Element stored in oil due to its high reactivity

                 Barium

• Radio active element in Alkaline Earth Metals

                 Radium

• Radio active liquid element

                 Francium

• Radio active gaseous element

                 Radon

• Naturally occurring compound of Beryllium

                 Emerald

• Property of metals capable of being drawn into wires is

                 Ductility

• Property of metals capable of being hammered into very thin sheets is

                 Malleability

• Property of metals to produce a ringing sound when it stuck with a hard surface

                 Sonority

• Element which kept in wax

                 Lithium

• The lightest metal

                 Lithium

• Densest metal

                 Osmium

• Hardest Metal

                 Chromium

• Rainbow metal

                 Iridium

• The strongest reducing agent

                 Lithium

• Metals which kept in kerosene due to its high reactivity 

                 Sodium and Potassium

• Elements which known as soft metals

                 Sodium and Potassium

• Metal which regulates Blood pressure in human beings

                 Sodium

• Compound of Sodium which is used as air purifier in submarines and in respiratory equipments

                 Sodium Peroxide

• Chemicals used in fire extinguishers

                 Sodium Bicarbonate and Potassium Bicarbonate

• Compound known as Baking Soda

                 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

• Compound known as washing Soda

                 Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

• Mixture of sodium bicarbonate and Tartaric acid salt

                 Baking powder

• Compound used as a fixer in photographic films

                 Hypo (Sodium Thiosulphate)

• Element used as coolant in nuclear reactors

                 Liquid Sodium

• Chemicals used for purifying water

                 Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

• Metals related to arthritis

                 Potassium

• Chemicals used in organic farming for neutralizing acidic soil 

                 Potassium bicarbonate

• Raw material which is used in cement manufacturing

                 Lime stone

• Compound which is used to regulate the setting time of cement

                 Gypsum

• Perl is composed of 

                 Calcium carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate

• Perl is soluble in

                 Vinegar

• Gas released when heating lime stone

                 Carbon Dioxide

• Gas which turns Milk of lime into Milky color

                 Carbon Dioxide

• Coral reefs are composed of 

                 Calcium Carbonate

• Compound contained in Bone mineral

                 Calcium Phosphate

• Compound used for the dehydration of gases

                 Calcium oxide

• Chemical name of bleaching powder

                 Calcium hypochlorite
                                                                                         (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 4

രാസപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ, ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ കാണപ്പെടുന്ന മൂലകങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Substances that present in a chemical reaction which reacts together to form a product

                  Reactants

• Final substances that are formed from a chemical reaction

                  Products

• A substance that speed up a chemical reaction 

                  Catalyst

• A chemical reaction in which heat is released

                  Exothermic reactions

• A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed

                  Endothermic reactions

• A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons

                  Oxidation

• A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons

                  Reduction

• Ability of an atom to accept the electrons is known as 

                  Electronegativity

• Electronegativity was discovered by

                  Linus Pauling

• Electronegativity scale was discovered by

                  Linus Pauling

• Ability of an atom to donate the electrons is known as 

                  Electropositivity

• Union of atoms of two or more elements by mutual attraction 

                  Chemical bond

• A bond formed by transferring electrons from one atom to another is called

                  Ionic Bond

• A bond formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms is called

                  Covalent Bond

• Combining capacity of an atom to another is called

                  Valancy

• A process in which solid turns straight into a gas

                  Sublimation

• Examples of Sublimation

                  Napthalene, Camphor

• A process in which gas turns into solid

                  Deposition

• A process in which liquid turns into gas

                  Vaporization

• A process in which gas turns into liquid

                  Condensation

• A process in which solid turns into liquid

                  Melting

• A process in which liquid turns into solid

                  Freezing

• Method for separating metals having low melting point

                  Liquation

• Device in which electricity produced at cost of chemical reaction by oxidation-reduction process is known as 

                  Electro chemical cell

• Process of heating the ore below its melting point in the absence of air to remove volatile impurities like Arsenic called

                  Calcination

• Method to separate a mixture of colored compounds 

                  Chromatography

• Deposition of a metal on another by electric current is called

                  Electroplating

• Chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with water

                  Hydrolysis

• Chemical decomposition by the action of heat is known as 

                  Pyrolysis

• Process of heating milk to 72 degree about 16 seconds and then cooling it to 4 degree to destroy harmful bacteria is called

                  Pasteurization

• Method of separating a substance from a mixture of liquids having different boiling points 

                  Distillation

• Most abundant element in Earth crust

                  Oxygen (46.6%)

• Second most abundant element in Earth crust

                  Silicon (27.7%)

• Third most abundant element in Earth crust

                  Aluminium (8.3%)

• Most abundant element in atmosphere

                  Nitrogen (78%)

• Second most abundant element in atmosphere

                  Oxygen (21%)

• Third most abundant element in atmosphere

                  Argon (0.9%)

• Most abundant element in universe

                  Hydrogen

• Most abundant element in human body

                  Oxygen

• Most abundant metal in human body and developed animals

                  Calcium

• Most abundant metal in Earth Crust

                  Aluminium

• Most abundant metalloid in Earth Crust

                  Silicon

• Most abundant element in sea water

                  Chlorine

• Most abundant metal in bones

                  Calcium

• Most abundant metal compound in bones

                  Calcium phosphate

• Most abundant compound on Earth's surface

                  Water

• Most abundant compound in sea water

                  Sodium Chloride

• Second most abundant compound in sea water

                  Magnesium Chloride

• Second most abundant compound in Earth crust

                  Magnesium Oxide
                                                                                                  (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 3

ആവർത്തന പട്ടികയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത്

• Father of Periodic table\Periodic table was discovered by

                 Dmitri Mendeleev

• Father of Modern Periodic table

                 Moseley

• Periodic law was put forward by

                 Dmitri Mendeleev

• Modern Periodic law was put forward by

                 Moseley

• Atomic number of elements were discovered by

                 Moseley

• Periodic table of Mendeleev was based on increasing order of

                 Atomic mass

• Who classified elements based on atomic volume

                 Lother Meyer

• Modern Periodic table is based on increasing order of

                 Atomic Number

• Scientist who established measuring and weighing methods in Chemistry

                 Lavoisier

• Horizontal rows of elements in Periodic table 

                 Periods

• No of periods in Periodic table 

                 7

• Vertical column of elements in Periodic table 

                 Groups

• No of groups in Periodic table 

                 18

• Shortest period

                 First Period (Contains only two elements)

• No of elements in periodic table

                 118

• No of naturally occurring elements in periodic table

                 92

• First artificial element

                 Technetium (Atomic number 43)

• Last natural element in periodic table

                 Uranium

• Position of metals in periodic table

                 Left side

• Position of non metals in periodic table

                 Right side

• Natural element having highest atomic weight and atomic number

                 Uranium (92)

• Characteristic of element in one group

                 No of electrons in outermost shell are same

• Element having atomic number greater than that of Uranium and do not occur in nature are called 

                 Synthetic (Transuranic) elements

• Element having name of Earth

                 Tellurium

• Element having name of Moon

                 Celenium

• Element having name of Sun

                 Helium

• Element having name of an asteroid

                 Palladium

• Elements which are named in the honor of women

                 Curium, Meitnarium

• Group 1 elements are called

                 Alkali Metals

• Group 2 elements are called

                 Alkaline Earth Metals

• Elements with atomic number 57-71 are called

                 Lanthanides (Rare earths)

• Elements with atomic number 89-103 are called

                 Actinides (Radio active rare earths)

• Elements included in 3-12 groups are called

                 Transition elements

• Elements other than transition elements are called

                 Representative elements

• Specialty of transitive elements

                 They all are metals and form colored compounds

• Element does not have neutrons in an atom

                 Hydrogen

• Liquid transitive metal

                 Mercury

• Liquid metal at room temperature

                 Mercury

• Liquid non metal at room temperature

                 Bromine

• Metal used as a thermometric fluid

                 Mercury

• Metal which is used in atomic clocks

                 Caesium

• Element used in the dials of clock

                 Radium

• Radium and Plutonium are discovered by

                 Marie Curie

• Metal which shows least expansion

                 Caesium

• Element having highest electro negativity

                 Fluorine

• Element having least electro negativity

                 Francium, Caesium

• Most electro positive stable element

                 Caesium

                                                                                 (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 2

മൂലകങ്ങൾ, മോളിക്യൂൾ, സംയുക്തം, മിശ്രിതം തുടങ്ങിയ ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Smallest particle of substance having all its properties

                 Molecules

• The term 'Molecule' was coined by

                 Avogadro

• No of molecules contained in 1 mole of gas is called

                 Avogadro number

• Avogadro number is

                 6.03x10²³

• International Mole day

                 October 23

• Kinetic Energy of molecules is maximum in

                 Gases

• Names given to the shells where electrons located around the nucleus

                 K, L, M, N, O, P and Q

• Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom which determines its chemical property is called

                 Valance electrons (Valance Shell)

• Sub shells of electron shells are named as

                 s, p, d, f and g

• Maximum number of electrons in each sub shells are

                 s: 2, p: 6, d: 10, f: 14 and g: 18

• Substances which composed of similar kind of atoms is called

                 Element

• The term element was coined by

                 Robert Boyle

• The scientist who first gave definition to the term 'element'

                 Robert Boyle

• The scientist who gave symbols for elements on the basis of their names

                 Berzelius

• The scientist who classified elements into metals and non metals

                 Lavosier

• Elements are classified into

                 Metals, non metals and metalloids

• Elements that conduct electricity, heat and which tend to lose electrons to form positive ions

                 Metals

• Elements that do not conduct electricity, heat and which tend to accept electrons to form negative ions

                 Non-Metals

• Elements showing properties of both metals and non metals

                 Metalloids

• International association which gives names of Elements

                 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

• Substances composed of atoms of 2 or more elements combined in a definite proportion by weight is known as 

                 Compound

• Substances composed of atoms of 2 or more compounds or elements combined in any proportion by weight is known as 

                 Mixture

• Element which forms largest number of compounds

                 Carbon

• Second element which forms largest number of compounds

                 Hydrogen

• Atoms of same element having same atomic number and different mass number are known as 

                 Isotopes

• Isotopes of Hydrogen are

                 Protium, Deuterium, Tritium

• Isotopes are discovered by

                 Frederick Soddy

• Isotope which is used to determine the age of fossils (Carbon dating)

                 Carbon 14

• Isotope which is used for the treatment of cancer

                 Cobalt 60

• Isotope which is used for the treatment of skin cancer

                 Phosphorous 32

• Isotopes which are used as medicines

                 Oxygen 15, Iodine 131

• Atoms of different elements having same mass number and different atomic number

                 Isobars

• Atoms of elements having same number of Neutrons 

                 Isotones

• Compounds with same molecular formula and different structure are known as

                 Isomers

• Different forms of same element with different physical appearances

                 Allotropes

• Example of an allotrope 

                 Diamond, Graphite and Charcoal are allotropes of Carbon

• Allotrope of Oxygen

                 Ozone

• Fructose is an isomer of

                 Glucose
                                                                                                          (To be Continued...)

Chemistry 1

സയൻസിലെ രണ്ടാമത്തെ ഭാഗമായ രസതന്ത്രത്തിലേക്ക് കടക്കുമ്പോൾ ആദ്യം ആറ്റം, ഘടകങ്ങൾ, മോഡലുകൾ, പ്രധാന ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്മാർ എന്നിവയാണ് ആദ്യ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് 

• Ancient name of Chemistry

               Alchemy

• Father of Chemistry

               Robert Boyle

• Father of Modern Chemistry

               Antoine Lavoisier

• International year of Chemistry

               2011

• All substances are made up of tiny particles called

               Atoms

• Meaning of the word Atom (Greek word atomos)

               Indivisible

• Atom was discovered by

               John Dalton

• Law of multiple proportion was put forward by

               John Dalton

• First atomic theory was put forward by

               John Dalton

• The term 'Atom' was coined by

               Ostwald

• Fundamental particles of Atom

               Proton, Neutron and Electron

• Center of Atom that contains Protons and Neutron

               Nucleus

• Sub atomic particles in Nucleus (Nucleons)

               Proton and Neutron

• Heaviest Sub atomic particle

               Neutron

• Lightest Sub atomic particle

               Electron

• Moving particle of Atom

               Electron

• Antiparticle of Neutron with same mass of a Neutron

               Anti-neutron

• Antiparticle of Proton with same mass of a Proton

               Anti-proton

• Nuclear particle with the mass of an Electron but opposite charge

               Positron

• Electron was discovered by

               JJ Thomson

• Proton was discovered by

               Ernest Rutherford

• Nucleus was discovered by

               Ernest Rutherford

• Neutron was discovered by

               James Chadwick

• Charge of Electron

               Negative

• Charge of Proton

               Positive

• Charge of Nucleus

               Positive

• Charge of Neutron

               No Charge

• Chemical property of a substance is determined by

               Electrons

• Number of Protons present in the nucleus of an Atom

               Atomic Number (Z)

• Total number of Protons and Neutrons present in the nucleus of an Atom

               Mass Number (A)

• An atom is bigger than its Nucleus

               105 times

• Circular path on which electrons move around is called

               Orbit

• The orbit followed by moving electrons around Nucleus of an Atom is called

               Shell

• Maximum number of electrons in a shell is

               2n² (n- Number of Shell)

• The first model of atom was put forwarded by

               Neils Bohr

• The most acceptable model of atom

               Bohr's Model

• Planetary model or Nuclear model of atom was put forwarded by

               Rutherford

• Plum pudding, Molecular model of atom was put forwarded by

               J J Thomson

• Wave mechanics model of atom was put forwarded by

               Max Plank

• Dual nature of Electron was put proposed by

               Louis Debroglie

• Uncertainty principle was put proved by 

               Werner Heisenberg

• Atom without Nuetron

               Hydrogen

• Unit of measuring mass of an Atom is

               Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u)

• Element used to find a.m.u

               Carbon 12
                                                                                                    (To be Continued...)

Physics 5

ലെൻസുകൾ, മിററുകൾ, ഇലക്ട്രോ മാഗ്നെറ്റിക് വേവ്‌സ് , രാമൻ എഫക്ട് എന്നിവയാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Lens using in microscope, telescope etc for magnifying images

                  Convex lens

• Lens thicker at center and narrower at edge

                  Convex lens

• Lens in human eyes

                  Convex lens

• Image formed in convex lens

                  Real and Inverted

• Lens narrower at center and thicker at edge

                  Concave lens

• Image formed in concave lens

                  Virtual and erect

• Camera not using lens

                  Pinhole Camera

• Focal length and power of convex lens is always

                  Positive

• Focal length and power of concave lens is always

                  Negative

• Power of a lens increases as its focal length

                  Decreases

• Power of a lens is always

                  Resiprocal of focal length (P=1/f)

• Dentists and ENT doctors using which type of mirrors

                  Concave Mirror

• Type of image formed from Concave mirror

                  Virtual or real image depends on the position of object

• The image obtained from a light ray that do not actually come from the point of source is called

                  Virtual Image

• Shape of reflector behind a spot lamp or car head light 

                  Parabolic

• Size of object and image are same in

                  Plane Mirror

• Shortest length of a plane mirror required to view the full size image of person of height L is

                  L/2

• Persistance of vision in human eye is

                  1/16 Seconds

• Ratio of height of the Image to the height of real object is known as

                  Magnificatin

• Speed of movies

                  24 frames per Second

• Phenominon of appearing right side of a person in mirror image as left side is called

                  Lateral Invertion

• Convex lens is also known as

                  Converging lens

• Concave lens is also known as

                  Diverging lens

• Power of lens is measured in

                  Diopter

• Mirror used in Solar cooker, Car head light

                  Concave Mirror

• Mirror used in rear view mirrors in vehicles

                  Convex Mirror

• Mirror used in Shaving mirrors

                  Concave Mirror

• Short sight and long sight can be corrected together by

                  Bifocal lens

• Bifocal lens was invented by

                  Benjamin Franklin

• Wave range of electro magnetic waves

                  10³ m to 10¹² m

• Electro magnetic waves are

                  Radio waves, micro waves, infra red, visible region, UV, S-rays and gamma rays

• Electro Magentic wave with maximum wave length

                  Radio waves

• Electro Magentic waves used for communication through satellites

                  Microwave

• X rays discoverd by

                  Rongen

• X rays with higher frequency and more penetrating power

                  Hard X rays

• X rays using for radiation and treatment of cancer

                  Hard X rays

• X rays using for photography of internal parts

                  Soft X rays

• X rays originated from outside of Earth is called as

                  Cosmic rays

• Waves using in TV remotes and distant photography

                  Infrared

• Heat of light is due to

                  Infrared

• Waves using for detecting the adulteration of ghee, identification of counterfeit currency

                  Ultra Violet

• Waves using to disinfect surgical equipments, and in tube lights

                  Ultra Violet

• CV Raman discovered Raman effect in 

                  1928 February 28

• National Science day

                  February 28

• CV Raman got nobe prize for Physics in 

                  1930

• Raman effect is associated with 

                  Scattering of light
                                                                              (To be Continued...)

Physics 4

പ്രകാശത്തിൻറെ പ്രത്യേകതകളായ റിഫ്‌ളക്‌ഷൻ, റിഫ്രാക്‌ഷൻ, ടോട്ടൽ ഇൻറെർണൽ റിഫ്‌ളക്‌ഷൻ, ഡിസ്പേഴ്‌സൺ, ഇന്റർഫെറൻസ്, ഡിഫ്രാക്ഷൻ, സ്‌കാറ്ററിങ്, പോളറൈസേഷൻ, ഡോപ്ലർ എഫക്ട് എന്നീ സുപ്രധാന ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് 

• Color having minimum wavelength

                 Violet

• Color having maximum wavelength

                 Red

• Color having minimum frequency

                 Red

• Color having maximum frequency

                 Violet

• Light that scatters most

                 Violet

• Light that scatters least

                 Red

• Color which reflects all other colors

                 White

• Color which absorbs all other colors

                 Black

• Color which absorbs maximum heat

                 Black

• Color which absorbs minimum heat

                 White

• Color which appears on the upper portion of the rainbow

                 Red

• Color which appears on the center of the rainbow

                 Green

• Color which appears on the lower portion of the rainbow

                 Violet

• Distance traveled by light in one year

                 Light year

• Unit used to measure distance between stars

                 Light year

• One light year is

                 9.46x1012

• One Parsec is

                 3.26 light years

• Quantum theory was put forward by

                 Max Plank

• According to Quantum theory, energy packets in light rays called

                 Quantum

• Quantum of light is known as 

                 Photon

• Phenomenon of emission of light from substances after absorption of Photons called as

                 Photo Luminescence

• Phenomenon of bouncing back of light when a beam of light falls on a surface

                 Reflection

• Bending of light when a ray of light travels from one medium to another

                 Refraction

• Phenomena of Mirage in deserts, Twinkling of stars, bending scale immersed in water\glass etc are due to

                 Refraction

• Reason for refraction of light when travels from one medium to another

                 Phase velocity of wave is changed but its frequency remain constant

• Snell's law is related with

                 Refraction

• Fata Morgana is a term associated with

                 Mirage (Superior form of Mirage)

• Measure of optical density of a medium is

                 Refractive index [Speed of light in vacuum/Speed of light in medium]

• Refractive index of Vacuum

                 1 [Ice : 1.31, Water : 1.33]

• Refractive index of Diamond

                 2.42

• Working principle of Optical fiber, endoscopy, Vehicle reflectors, Binoculars

                 Total Internal Reflection

• Sparkling of Diamond is due to

                 Total internal reflection in high refractive index

• Splitting of composite beam of light into its constituent colors is called

                 Dispersion of light

• Dispersion of light is discovered by

                 Issac Newton

• Device used to split composite light into constituent colors

                 Prism

• Rainbow is caused by

                 Total internal reflection, refraction and dispersion of light by water particles

• Red color in rainbow is seen at an angle of

                 42.8 Degree

• Violet color in rainbow is seen at an angle of

                 40.8 Degree

• Shape of rainbow while seeing from space

                 Circle

• Distribution of light when two or more high waves superimpose each other is called

                 Interference

• Colors in soap bubbles, oil layers etc are due to

                 Interference

• Interference was first observed by

                 Thomas Young

• Working principle of Holography\Hologram

                 Interference

• Process of spreading out of light into geometrical shadow of obstacle is called as 

                 Diffraction

• Projector in film theaters works on the principle of 

                 Diffraction

• Rings around the sun, Fringe pattern of CD etc are due to

                 Diffraction

• Blue color of Sky, Reddening of Sun at sunrise and sunset are due to

                 Scattering of light

• The light color which scatters most

                 Violet (Having shorter wave length)

• The light color which scatters least

                 Red (Having longer wave length)

• Black color of sky in Moon is due to 

                 Absence of scattering of light as there is no atmosphere

• Phenomenon of confining the vibration of a transverse wave to a particular direction is called

                 Polarization

• Brewster's Law is associated with

                 Polarization of Light

• Example of natural polarizing material

                 Tourmaline

• Polaroids are using in 

                 Aeroplane and car windows, sun glasses, Three dimensional pictures

• Light scattering by the particles in a colloid is known as

                 Tyndal effect

• Example of Tyndal effect

                 Sunlight passing through mist, blue color seen in smoke emitted from motor cycles

• Change in frequency of a light or sound wave when source or observer moves with respect to the other is known as

                 Doppler effect

• Increase in frequency (decrease in wave length) of visible light when it moves towards observer is called

                 Blue Shift

• Decrease in frequency (Increase in wave length) of visible light when it moves towards observer is called

                 Red Shift

• Blue shift, Red Shift, High pitch of siren of approaching ambulance is due to

                 Doppler effect
                                                                                                  (To be Continued...)