Physics 12

അറ്റോമിക് എനർജി, ആണവ നിലയങ്ങൾ, ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രത്തിലെ പ്രധാനപ്പെട്ട ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ

• Father of Nuclear Physics

                 Ernest Rutherford

• Father of Nuclear Physics in India

                 Homi J Bhabha

• SI unit of radio activity

                 Becquerel

• Another unit of radio activity

                 Curie (1 Curie = 1010 Becquerel)

• Changing of one radio active element to another is called as

                 Transmutation

• Alpha and Beta rays are discovered by

                 Ernest Rutherford

• Gama rays discovered by

                 Paul U Williard

• Order of velocities of radiation rays

                 Gamma> Beta > Alpha

• Radiation rays travelling with velocity of light

                 Gamma Rays

• Alpha anpartcle equivalent to 

                 Helium nucleus

• Beta anpartcle equivalent to 

                 Electrons

• Particles with high energy protons

                 Gamma Rays

• Ultimate product of natural radio activity is 

                 Lead

• Positive charged radio active particle

                 Alpha

• Negative charged radio active particle

                 Beta

• Chargeless radio active particle

                 Gamma

• Radium and Polonium firstly isolated by

                 Madam Curie

• Radio active elements used for medicine

                 Iodine 131, Phosphorous 32, Oxygen 15

• Splitting of the nucleus of a heavy element into two or more lighter nuclei is called

                 Nuclear Fission

• Process in which small nuclei are fused together to form a single heavy nucleus is called

                 Nuclear Fusion

• Source of stellar energy (energy from stars)

                 Nuclear Fusion

• Isotop of Hydrogen using for Nuclear fusion

                 Tritium

• Working principle of Hydrogen bomb

                 Nuclear Fusion

• Working principle of Atom bomb

                 Nuclear Fission

• Time interval taken by a radio active element to disintegrate to half of its initial value is known as

                 Half Life

• Average life time of atoms in a radio active substance

                 Mean life

• Half life of Carbon 14 which is using for Carbon dating

                 5730 Years

• Technique used to determine the age of fossils by the decay of radio active carbon present in them 

                 Carbon Dating

• Nuclear Fission was discovered by

                 Ottohan and Frits Strassman

• Atom bomb was discovered by

                 Robert Openheimer

• Hydrogen bomb was discovered by

                 Edward Teller

• Father of Indian Atomic bomb

                 Dr Raja Ramanna

• Age of rocks from moon has been estimated by 

                 Uranium Dating

• Age of caves and sea animals has been estimated by 

                 Uranium-Thorium Dating

• Important raw material used in thermal power plants

                 Coal

• Dating methode used to determine the age archaeological materials like pottery

                 Thermoluminescenece

• Device in which a chain reaction is proceed in a controlled manner

                 Nuclear reactor

• Commonly used fuels in nuclear reactor

                 Uranium 233, Uranium 235, Plutonium 239

• Device used to slow down the neutrons in nuclear reactors

                 Moderator

• Commonly used moderators in nuclear reactors

                 Heavy water, graphite and Berillium oxide

• Device used to remove the heat produced in nuclear reactors

                 Coolants

• Commonly used coolants in nuclear reactors

                 Water, Heavy water, liquid sodium, Carbon dioxide

• Coolant used in high temperature breeder nuclear reactors

                 Liquid sodium

• First nuclear reactor was constructed at 

                 Chicago university in 1942 by Fermi

• First nuclear reactor in India

                 Apsara

• Device used to store electricity

                 Accumulator

• Device used to measure altitude in aeroplanes

                 Altimeter

• Device used to measure strength of electric current

                 Ammeter

• Device used to increase the strength of electric signals

                 Amplifier

• Device used to measure speed of wind and determine direction

                 Anemometer

• Device used to measure intensity of sound

                 Audiometer

• Device used to change or reverse the direction of electricity

                 Commutator

• Device used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

                 Dynamo

• Device used to measure the depth of sea

                 Ecosounder, Fathometer

• Device used to detect the presence of electric charge

                 Electroscope

• Device used to detect and measure small electric currents

                 Galvanometer

• Device used to measure dynamics of rotating body

                 Gyroscope

• Device used to show the changes in atmospheric humidity

                 Hygroscope

• Device used to measure density and relative density

                 Hydrometer

• Device used to measure sound under water

                 Hydrophone

• Device used to convert DC into AC

                 Inverter, Oscillator

• Device used to test the purity of milk

                 Lactometer

• Device used to determine the pressure of gas

                 Manometer

• Device used to record distance covered by a vehicle

                 Odometer

• Device used to measure electrical resistance

                 Ohmmeter

• Device used to view above sea level from submarine under water

                 Periscope

• Device used to measure high temperature (like in sun)

                 Pyrometer

• Highly accurate clock used for astronomical observations

                 Quartz clock

• Device used to adjust resistance

                 Rheostat

• Device used to convert AC into DC

                 Rectifier

• Device used to analyze spectrum

                 Spectroscope

• Device used to measure speed of a vehicle

                 Speedometer

• Optical device used to view 2-D objects

                 Stereoscope

• Device used to record speed of shaft in aeroplanes or in boats

                 Tachometer

• Device used to see distant objects

                 Telescope

• Device used to step up or down AC voltage

                 Transformer

• Device used to measure flow of liquids

                 Venturimeter

• Device used to measure potential difference

                 Voltmeter

• Device used to measure power of an electric circuit

                 Wattmeter

• Device used to convert a Physical quantity such as Pressure, Sound etc to electric signal and vice versa

                 Transducer
                                                                                           (To be Continued...)

Physics 11

മർദ്ദം, സാന്ദ്രത, കേശികത്വം, ഇലാസ്റ്റിസിറ്റി, ലഘുയന്ത്രങ്ങൾ, കാന്തികത്വം എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ

• Force acting on a unit area is called

                   Pressure (Force/Area)

• Total force acting on a body perpendiculat to its surface area is called

                   Thrust

• SI unit of pressure

                   Pascal (N/m²)

• CGS unit of pressure

                   Barye

• SI unit of Thrust

                   Newton

• Normal atmospheric pressure

                   760 mm of Mercury

• Another unit of atmospheric pressure is

                   Bar (1 Bar=105 Pascal)

• Force excerted by the gaseous molecule on a unit surface area of Earth is called

                   Atmospheric pressure

• Instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure

                   Barometer

• Rising of Barometer indicates

                   Calm Climate

• Sudden fall in Barometer indicates

                   Storm

• As the height increases from sea level, the atmospheric pressure

                   Decreases

• Liquid pressure increases as depth

                   Increases

• Internal frictional force acting between parallel layers of a liquid is called

                   Viscous Force

• Property of liquids to show Viscous force is called

                   Viscosity

• CGS unit of viscosity

                   Poise

• Matter that does not have viscosity

                   Solid

• Liquids having low viscosity and which flow easily are called

                   Mobile liquids (Eg: Water, Kerosene)

• Liquids having zero viscosity are called

                   Superfluids

• Liquids having high viscosity are called

                   Viscous liquids (Eg: Honey, Glycerine)

• As temperature increases viscosity of a liquid

                   Decreases

• Phenomenon of rising or falling of the liquid level against the gravitational force is called

                   Capillarity

• Chalk, blotting paper, Bricks etc are absorbing liquids quickly due to

                   Capillarity

• Process involved in capillary action are

                   Surface Tension

• Ability of a body to regain its original shape and size on removal of deforming force is called

                   Elasticity

• Minimum velocity required for a body to escape from Earth's gravitational force is called

                   Escape Velocity

• Escape velocity of planets increases with its

                   Mass

• Escape velocity of Earth

                   11.2 km\Sec

• Escape velocity of Moon

                   2.4 km\Sec

• Weight of freely falling body

                   Zero

• Law of freely falling object is introduced by

                   Galilio

• Total gravitational force acted upon a body is known as

                   Weight (W=mg ; g-acceleration due to gravity)

• Weight of a body is

                   Zero at centre of earth, Minimum at equator, maximum at poles

• Weight of a body in Moon is

                   1/6th of weight in Earth (Mass remain same)

• Amount of mtter contained in a given body

                   Mass

• Ratio of mass of a body to its volume is

                   Density (Mass/Volume)

• Unit of Density

                   Kg/m³

• Density of water is

                   1000 Kg/m³

• Density of water is maximum at

                   4°C

• Liquid which has highest Density

                   Mercury

• Water occupies maximum volume at

                   0°C

• Ratio of density of a body to the density of water is known as

                   Relative density or Specific gravity

• Pressure of liquid varies with its

                   Density

• Ice floating on water because

                   Its density less than water (1/10th of its volume can be seen)

• When ice melts on water surface, level of water

                   Remain unchanged (Volume decrease when ice melts)

• Simplest mechanisms that provide mechanical advantage 

                   Simple machines

• The law of lever was proposed by

                   Archimedes

• Lever in which Fulcrum comes between Effort and resistance is called as

                   1st Order lever

• Examples of first order lever

                   Scissors, Common balance, Nail puller, See-saw

• Lever in which resistance comes between Effort and Fulcrum is called as

                   2nd Order lever

• Examples of Second order lever

                   Bottle opener, Wheel barrow, nut cracker, Lemon sqeezer

• Lever in which Effort comes between resistance and Fulcrum is called as

                   3rd Order lever

• Examples of Third order lever

                   Forceps, Ice tongs, Fire tongs, Pincers

• Examples of Magnetic substances are

                   Iron, Nickel, Cobalt

• The term magnet is derived from

                   FMagnesia- a place near Asia Minor

• Naturally occuring magnet\ Magnetism first observed in

                   Lode stones

• Magnetic strength is more powerful at

                   Poles

• Scientist who proposed magnetic behavior of Earth

                   William Gibber

• A coil of insulated wire wound on a rod shaped solid iron is called

                   Solenoid

• Magnetic force of attraction at center of a magnet is

                   Zero

• Example of a paramagnetic substance

                   Oxygen

• Substances showing magnetism in presence of electricity are called as 

                   Electromagnets (temporary magnets)

• An object made from magnetized material and create its own magnetic field is known as 

                   Permanent magnet

• Powerful permanent magnets are made from

                   ALNICO

• Direction of magnetic lines inside a magnet is 

                   From South to North

• Diagnosis and treatment methode which uses powerful magnets

                   Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• While heating or hammering, the magnetism of an object

                   Decreases

• Mechanism by which objects are attracted to magnets

                   Ferro magnetism

• Strongest type of magnetism

                   Ferro magnetism

• Temperature dependent magnetisms are called as

                   Paramagnetism
                                                                                                     (To be Continued...)

Physics 10

ചലന നിയമങ്ങൾ, ബലം എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ

• Theory of relativity was introduced by

                  Albert Einstein (1905)

• Which law states that every body continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless an external force acts up on

                  Newton's first law of motion

• As per Newton's second law of motion the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to

                  Applied force

• Which law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

                  Newton's first law of motion

• Inertia can be explained with

                  Newton's first law of motion

• Which law of motion defining the force

                  Newton's first law of motion

• Which law of motion is known as the measure of force

                  Newton's second law of motion (F=(mv)/t) or F=ma)

• Which law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate but with different forces

                  Newton's second law of motion

• The propulsion of rockets and the working of jet engine etc are explained with the help of

                  Newton's third law of motion

• The flying of a bird is consequence of

                  Newton's third law of motion

• CGS unit of force

                  Dyne (1 Newton = 10⁵ Dynes)

• The internal force per unit of cross section of a strained body is called

                  Stress (Force/Area)

• Unit of stress is

                  Pascal or N/m²

• The ratio of change in dimention to the original dimention is called

                  Strain

• Unit of strain is

                  No unit

• Weakest force in nature

                  Gravitational force

• Strongest force in nature

                  Nuclear force

• The upward force exerted by a fluid on a body placed in a fluid is called

                  Buoyant force (Buoyancy)

• The principle of buoyancy was discovered by

                  Archimedes

• When a body inserted into water the feet of weightlessness is because of 

                  Buoyant force

• Weight of the body inserted in water is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body. Which law states that

                  Law of Floataton

• The force which enable an object to move along a circular path is

                  Centripetal force

• Centripetal force is always directed towards 

                  Centre of the circle

• Centripetal force required to keep moon in its orbit is given by

                  Gravitational force of Earth

• Raising outer edge of curved road to provide necessary centripetal force is called

                  Banking of the roads

• Tendency of an object following a curved path to fly away from the centre of curvature 

                  Centrifugal force

• Force that acts outwards of a body revolving in a circle

                  Centrifugal force

• Force which helps to seperate the cream from milk is 

                  Centrifugal force

• The capability of rotating object around a fixed axis is called

                  Torque

• The very large force acting for a very short interval of time on a body is called 

                  Impulsive force

• Kicking of a ball, striking a nail with hammer etc are examples of

                  Impulsive force (Impulse=Force x Time)

• Force which opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact is called 

                  Frictional force

• Slow landing of parachute is possible because of

                  Frictional force of air

• Ball bearings work on the principle of

                  Rolling friction

• Substances which reduces the friction between moving surfaces is called 

                  Lubricants

• Example of a lubricant which used in heavy machines

                  Graphite

• Force which pulls a body towards earth is called

                  Gravitational force

• Gravitational force is discovered by

                  Sir Issac Newton

• Gravitational force between two bodies is always

                  Attractive

• Force of attraction between earth and any other particle in universe is called

                  Gravity (Force of gravity)

• Gravitational force is maximum in 

                  Jupiter

• Gravitational force is minimum in 

                  Mercury

• Gravitational intensity inside an object is

                  Zero

• If the distance between two objects is doubled, the gravitational force of attraction between them

                  Reduced to quarter (F=GMm/r²) M : mass

• Force of attraction between unlike objects is called 

                  Adhesion

• Force of attraction between like objects is called 

                  Cohesion

• The force exerted by a liquid surface to decrease its surface area to minimum is called 

                  Surface Tension

• Surface tension occurs due to 

                  Cohesion

• Force which helps insects to walk on the surface of water is due to

                  Surface tension

• Detergents are added to water to

                  Reduce surface tension

• Spherical shape of water drop is due to

                  Surface tension

• Surface tension of water is inversily proposal to

                  Temperature and Pressure
                                                                          (To be Continued...)

Physics 9

താപവ്യതിയാനങ്ങൾ, ചലനം, പ്രവേഗം, ത്വരണം, ചലന നിയമങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ

• The process of conversion of a liquid into vapour is known as

                  Evaporation

• The process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour is known as

                  Sublimation

• Example of an object showing sublimation

                  Camphor

• Quantity of heat required to convert unit mass of solid at its melting point into liquid is called

                  Latent heat of Fusion

• For ice at 0°C, the latent heat of fusion is 

                  80K Cal/kg

• Quantity of heat required to convert unit mass of liquid at its boiling point into vapour is called

                  Latent heat of vapourisation

• For water at 100°C, the latent heat of vaporisation is 

                  540K Cal/kg

• Device which converts heat energy into mechanical energy

                  Heat engine

• A body is said to be a perfectly blackbody if its

                  Absorption power is 1

• A surface which absorbs all the heat radiations incident on it is known as 

                  Perfectly black body

• Device used to measure the temperature of sun

                  Pyroheliometer

• Radiations received from a black body is called 

                  Black body radiation

• Estimated value of surface temperature of sun is

                  5778K

• Study of high temperature is known as

                  Pyrology

• Study of motion is known as

                  Mechanics

• Study of causes and changes in motion is known as

                  Dynamics

• Change in position of an object with respect to time and its surroundings is called

                  Motion

• If an object does not change its position with respect to its surroundings, it is said to be

                  Stationary

• The distance travelled by a body in unit time is called 

                  Speed (Distance/Time)

• Change in position of an object in a particular direction is called

                  Displacement

• The distance travelled by a body in a definite direction in unit time is called 

                  Velocity (Displacement/Time)

• The rate of change of velocity of a moving body is called 

                  Acceleration (Change in velocity/Time)

• Slope of velocity time graph gives

                  Acceleration

• Shape of acceleration versus mass graph for constant force is 

                  Hyperbola

• At terminal velocity the acceleration of body is

                  Zero

• If the velocity of moving body decreases, the change in velocity is called

                  Retardation or Deceleration

• Example of one dimentional motion

                  Throwing a stone straight up

• Example of two dimentional motion

                  Projectile motion, Boat in a lake, Satellite revolving uniformly around earth

• Example of three dimentional motion

                  Motion of a charged particle, A kite in air

• If a body is moving in a circular path then the motion is said to be in

                  Circular motion

• To and fro motion of an object is called

                  Oscillatory motion

• Example of oscillatory motion

                  Pendulam of a clock

• If a body is moving in a line then the motion is said to be in

                  Translational motion or Linear motion

• Translational motion in a straight line is called

                  Rectilinear motion (Eg: Lift motion)

• Translational motion in a curved path is called

                  Curvilinear motion (Eg: Motion of rocket in space)

• Motion which repeat after regular intervals of time

                  Periodic motion (Eg: Rotation of earth around sun)

• If the axis of the rotating body is within the body, its motion is said to be 

                  Spin motion or Rotational motion (Earth spin)

• When an object travels around another object, its motion is known as

                  Revolution (Eg: Earth travels around Sun)

• Motion of an object in a vertical plane under the influence of gravitational force is known as

                  Projectile motion

• Projectile path is known as 

                  Trajectory

• Projectile path is always

                  Parabola

• Projectile reach its maximum range when the angle of projection is at

                  45°

• Tendency of a body to continue its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line is called

                  Inertia

• Law of inertia was discovered by

                  Galileo

• As the bus starts moving, a man sitting inside leans backward because of

                  Inertia of rest

• As the bus stops moving, a man sitting inside bend in forward direction because of

                  Inertia of motion

• Rotating wheel throw out mud tangentialy outward because of

                  Inertia of direction

• Force required to stop a moving body depends on

                  Its mass and velocity

• Uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to gravitational pull of the earth is known as 

                  Acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8 m/s²)

• In earth acceleration due to gravity is maximum at

                  Polar regions

• In earth acceleration due to gravity is minimum at

                  Equatorial regions

• In earth acceleration due to gravity is zero at

                  Centre of the Earth
                                                                            (To be Continued...)

Physics 8

തെർമോ മീറ്ററുകൾ, താപ പ്രസരണം തുടങ്ങിയ ഭാഗങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ

• Thermometer was invented by

                 Galelio

• Mercury thermometer was invented by

                 Fahrenheit

• Clinical Thermometer was invented by

                 Thomas Albutt

• Range of Clinical Thermometer is

                 -35°C to 42°C

• Normal human body temperature is

                 36.9°C (98.4°F or 310K)

• Thermometer used to measure temperature very near to absolute zero

                 Magnetic Temperature

• Magnetic Thermometer works on the basis of

                 Curies Law

• Thermometer in which temperature is calculated from the resistance of a coil

                 Resistance Thermometer

• Thermometer used to measure high temperature

                 Pyrometer

• Thermometer used to measure very low temperature

                 Cryometer

• What are the methods of heat transmission

                 Conduction, Convection, Radiation

• Process of exchange of hotter particles to the neighbouting colder particles is known as

                 Conduction

• Heat transmission mode in which energy transmitted by direct contact

                 Conduction

• Transfer of heat in a fluid with the help of heated particles from hotter region to a colder region is called 

                 Convection

• Sea and land breezes can be explained on the basis of

                 Convection

• Ocean currents, Monsoons and Trade winds are based on 

                 Convection

• Transfer of heat from one point to another without heating the medium is called

                 Radiation

• Solar energy reaches Earth through

                 Radiation

• The main source of our energy

                 Sun

• Transfer of heat from one point to another without heating the medium is called

                 Radiation

• Heat loss through conduction and cenvection in Thermos flasks prevents by

                 Vacuum

• Heat loss trough Radiation in Thermos flasks prevents by

                 Polished shining surface

• Glass used to make Thermos flasks

                 Borosilicate glass

• The temperature at which water has least volume and high density

                 4°C

• The property of decreasing volume of a liquid by increasing the temperature from 0 to 4 degree and increasing volume after that

                 Anomalous expansion

• On freezing the volume of water

                 Increasing

• Tendency of matter to change in volume in response to change in temperature is called

                 Thermal Expansion

• Mercury thermometer works on the principle of

                 Thermal Expansion

• The substance which expand more on heating

                 Gases

• The substance which expand less on heating

                 Solids

• Property of a material to conduct heat is called 

                 Thermal conductivity

• Unit of thermal conductivity

                 Watts per meter kelvin

• The law of heat conduction is called 

                 Fourier's law

• Coefficient of thermal conductivity

                 K Factor or Thermal admittance

• In refrigerator cooling is produced by

                 Evaporation

• Amount of water vapour present in air is called 

                 Humidity

• Perspiration is maximum when

                 Temperature is maximum and air is humid

• Phenomenon of reducing the melting point of ice on exerted pressure is called 

                 Regelation

• Skating on ice is possible due to the phenomenon of

                 Regelation

• Joule's law is related to

                 Heat

• Example of  a good conductor of heat and bad conductor of electricity

                 Mica

• Density of a body decreases with 

                 Rise in temperature

• Fixed temperature at which solid becomes a liquid is known as 

                 Melting point

• Melting point of ice raised by the decrease of 

                 Pressure

• Fixed temperature at which a liquid boils and changes itself into vapour is called

                 Boiling point

• Melting point of water raised by the increase of 

                 Pressure

• Melting point of Mercury

                 -39°C

• Melting point of Alcohol

                 114°C

• Water inside Pressure Cooker boils at

                 120°C
                                                                        (To be Continued...)

Physics 7

പ്രധാനപ്പെട്ട വേവ്സ്, റെയ്‌സ്, റഡാർ, എന്നിവ കൂടാതെ താപവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളുമാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Waves used in point to point fixed telecommunication

                       Microwaves

• Waves used in Radio and Television communication

                       Radio waves

• Electro magnetic waves having lowest frequency

                       Radio waves

• Rays which cause sunburn

                       Ultraviolet Rays

• LASER stands for

                       Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

• LASER was discovered by

                       Theodore Maiman

• Rays used in Medical field for performing minute operations

                       LASER

• MASER stands for

                       Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

• MASER was discovered by

                       Charles H Towns

• RADAR stands for

                       Radio Detection and Ranging

• Device used to detect the position of objects like Aeroplanes, missile etc using Radio Waves

                       RADAR

• RADAR was detected by

                       Albert H Taylor and Leo C Young

• Father of long distance Radio transmission

                       Marconi

• Intensity of sound of Thunder storm

                       110 db

• Intensity of sound of Jet Take off

                       130 db

• A disturbance which propagate energy from one place to another without transport of matter

                       Wave

• Propagation of disturbance at one place by vibration  of particles to all other parts 

                       Wave Motion

• A wave in which particles of medium vibrate in perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave

                       Transverse wave

• A wave in which particles of medium vibrate in parallel to the direction of propagation of wave

                       Longitudinal wave

• The distance between two consecutive particles which are at the same phase of vibration

                       Wave length

• No of vibrations in one second

                       Frequency

• Maximum displacement of a particle from its mean position

                       Amplitude

• Waves travelling through layers of earth due to Earthquakes, big explotions, volcanic explotions

                       Seismic Waves

• Scientists dealing with the study of seismic waves 

                       Seismologist

• Transfer of Kineti Energy from one medium or energy source to another medium is

                       Heat

• The study of materials and Phenomena at low temperature

                       Cryogenis

• Form of energy that gives us the sensation of hotness or coldness

                       Heat

• The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is defined as 

                       Temperature

• Unit other than Joule using to measure Heat

                       Calorie

• One calorie

                       4.2 Joules

• The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of water by 1 degree C

                       One Calorie

• As we go up the atmosphere, the temperature

                       Decreases

• Color which absorbs more heat

                       Black

• Device used to detect heat radiation is called 

                       Thermocouple

• The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1°C  

                       Specific Heat Capacity

• Substance having highest specific heat capacity  

                       Water (4185 J/KgK)

• Specific heat of water is minimum at

                       37°C

• Element having highest specific heat capacity  

                       Hydrogen

• Temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified even in more power is called

                       Critical temperature

• Temperature at which Ice melts

                       0°C or 273K or 32°F

• Temperature at which water boils

                       100°C or 373K or 212°F

• Absolute zero is

                       -273.15°C or 0K

• Temperature which shows same temperature in Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scale

                       -40

• Temperature which shows same temperature in Fahrenheit scale and Kelvin scale

                       574.25

• Fraction of volume of ice seen outside when it is immersed in water

                       10.5%

• Various temperature scales are

                       Celsius (C), Kelvin (K), Fahrenheit (F), Rankine (Rn)

• Pressure of a gas is reduced to zero at

                       -273.15°C

• In Fahrenheit scale the interval between ice point and boiling point is devided into

                       180 equal parts

• To convert Celsius into Fahrenheit

                       F= (Cx9/5)+32

• To convert Fahrenheit into Celsius

                       C= (F-32)x5/9

• To convert Celsius into Kelvin scale

                       K= C+273.15

• To convert Kelvin into Celsius scale

                       C= K-273.15
                                                                                   (To be Continued...)

Physics 6

ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രത്തിലേക്ക് തിരികെ വരുമ്പോൾ ശബ്ദവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചോദ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ

• Study of Sound

                Acoustics

• Sound waves cant travel through

                Vacuum

• Sound waves are 

                Longitudinal

• Sound travels faster in

                Solids

• Sound travels slower in

                Gases

• Solid medium in which speed of Sound is maximum

                Steel

• Hearing capacity of human

                20 to 20,000 Hz

• Speed of Sound in air

                340 m\s

• Speed of Sound in water

                1453 m\s

• As the density of medium increases, speed of Sound

                Increases

• As the temperature of medium increases, speed of Sound

                Increases

• Properties of Sound

                Pitch, Loudness, Timbre (Quality)

• Shrillness of Sound is known as

                Pitch

• Intensity of Sound is identified as 

                Loudness

• Unit of frequency of Sound

                Hertz (Hz)

• Unit of Intensity of Sound

                Decibel (db)

• Unit of Sound Pollution

                Decibel

• Normal unit of measuring Pollution

                Parts per million (ppm)

• Normal Sound level

                60-120 db

• Intensity of human sound

                60-65 db

• Sound level causing damage to human ears

                Above120 db

• Sound allowed in hospital areas at night

                About 40 db

• Sound allowed in residential areas

                50 db in day 40 db at night

• Organ in human beings which helps to produce Sound

                Larynx

• Sound is produced due to

                Vibration

• Phenomenon of sound to obstructed by a hard surface and send back to source is called

                Reflection of Sound

• Echo and Reverberation are due to

                Reflection of sound

• A vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscilate with greater amplitude at a specific freaquency is known as

                Resonance

• Persistence of sound as a result of multiple reflection is known as

                Reverberation

• Phenomenon of hearing a sound reflection after hearing the original sound is 

                Echo

• Minimum sound required for the production of Echo

                17 Meter

• Phenomenon of sound which used in Stethoscope

                Reflection of sound

• Phenomenon of sound which used in SONAR

                Echolocation

• Sound waves used in SONAR

                Ultrasonic Sound

• SONAR stands for

                Echolocation

• Devices used to measure the depth of the sea

                Echo Sounder (SONAR), Fathometer

• Unit of measuring the depth of the sea

                Fathom (1 Fathom= 6 Feet=1.82 metre)

• Devices used to get the picture of the objects at the bottom of the sea

                SONAR

• Whistle used for calling dogs

                Galton whistle

• Devices used in the studies of sound

                Sonometer

• Device used for recording sound under water

                Hydrophone

• Term used to denote the speed lower than the speed of sound

                Subsonic

• Term used to denote 2 times the speed of sound

                Supersonic

• Term used to denote 5 times the speed of sound

                Hypersonic

• Sound waves produced by Elephants and Whales for communication

                Infrasonic

• Sound waves produced by Bats and Dolphin

                Ultrasonic

• Sound waves used in Ultrasound scanning

                Ultrasonic

• Sound lower than 20 Hz

                Infrasonic

• Sound higher than 20,000 Hz

                Ultrasonic
                                                                                (To be Continued...)

Physics 5

ലെൻസുകൾ, മിററുകൾ, ഇലക്ട്രോ മാഗ്നെറ്റിക് വേവ്‌സ് , രാമൻ എഫക്ട് എന്നിവയാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്

• Lens using in microscope, telescope etc for magnifying images

                  Convex lens

• Lens thicker at center and narrower at edge

                  Convex lens

• Lens in human eyes

                  Convex lens

• Image formed in convex lens

                  Real and Inverted

• Lens narrower at center and thicker at edge

                  Concave lens

• Image formed in concave lens

                  Virtual and erect

• Camera not using lens

                  Pinhole Camera

• Focal length and power of convex lens is always

                  Positive

• Focal length and power of concave lens is always

                  Negative

• Power of a lens increases as its focal length

                  Decreases

• Power of a lens is always

                  Resiprocal of focal length (P=1/f)

• Dentists and ENT doctors using which type of mirrors

                  Concave Mirror

• Type of image formed from Concave mirror

                  Virtual or real image depends on the position of object

• The image obtained from a light ray that do not actually come from the point of source is called

                  Virtual Image

• Shape of reflector behind a spot lamp or car head light 

                  Parabolic

• Size of object and image are same in

                  Plane Mirror

• Shortest length of a plane mirror required to view the full size image of person of height L is

                  L/2

• Persistance of vision in human eye is

                  1/16 Seconds

• Ratio of height of the Image to the height of real object is known as

                  Magnificatin

• Speed of movies

                  24 frames per Second

• Phenominon of appearing right side of a person in mirror image as left side is called

                  Lateral Invertion

• Convex lens is also known as

                  Converging lens

• Concave lens is also known as

                  Diverging lens

• Power of lens is measured in

                  Diopter

• Mirror used in Solar cooker, Car head light

                  Concave Mirror

• Mirror used in rear view mirrors in vehicles

                  Convex Mirror

• Mirror used in Shaving mirrors

                  Concave Mirror

• Short sight and long sight can be corrected together by

                  Bifocal lens

• Bifocal lens was invented by

                  Benjamin Franklin

• Wave range of electro magnetic waves

                  10³ m to 10¹² m

• Electro magnetic waves are

                  Radio waves, micro waves, infra red, visible region, UV, S-rays and gamma rays

• Electro Magentic wave with maximum wave length

                  Radio waves

• Electro Magentic waves used for communication through satellites

                  Microwave

• X rays discoverd by

                  Rongen

• X rays with higher frequency and more penetrating power

                  Hard X rays

• X rays using for radiation and treatment of cancer

                  Hard X rays

• X rays using for photography of internal parts

                  Soft X rays

• X rays originated from outside of Earth is called as

                  Cosmic rays

• Waves using in TV remotes and distant photography

                  Infrared

• Heat of light is due to

                  Infrared

• Waves using for detecting the adulteration of ghee, identification of counterfeit currency

                  Ultra Violet

• Waves using to disinfect surgical equipments, and in tube lights

                  Ultra Violet

• CV Raman discovered Raman effect in 

                  1928 February 28

• National Science day

                  February 28

• CV Raman got nobe prize for Physics in 

                  1930

• Raman effect is associated with 

                  Scattering of light
                                                                              (To be Continued...)

Physics 4

പ്രകാശത്തിൻറെ പ്രത്യേകതകളായ റിഫ്‌ളക്‌ഷൻ, റിഫ്രാക്‌ഷൻ, ടോട്ടൽ ഇൻറെർണൽ റിഫ്‌ളക്‌ഷൻ, ഡിസ്പേഴ്‌സൺ, ഇന്റർഫെറൻസ്, ഡിഫ്രാക്ഷൻ, സ്‌കാറ്ററിങ്, പോളറൈസേഷൻ, ഡോപ്ലർ എഫക്ട് എന്നീ സുപ്രധാന ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് 

• Color having minimum wavelength

                 Violet

• Color having maximum wavelength

                 Red

• Color having minimum frequency

                 Red

• Color having maximum frequency

                 Violet

• Light that scatters most

                 Violet

• Light that scatters least

                 Red

• Color which reflects all other colors

                 White

• Color which absorbs all other colors

                 Black

• Color which absorbs maximum heat

                 Black

• Color which absorbs minimum heat

                 White

• Color which appears on the upper portion of the rainbow

                 Red

• Color which appears on the center of the rainbow

                 Green

• Color which appears on the lower portion of the rainbow

                 Violet

• Distance traveled by light in one year

                 Light year

• Unit used to measure distance between stars

                 Light year

• One light year is

                 9.46x1012

• One Parsec is

                 3.26 light years

• Quantum theory was put forward by

                 Max Plank

• According to Quantum theory, energy packets in light rays called

                 Quantum

• Quantum of light is known as 

                 Photon

• Phenomenon of emission of light from substances after absorption of Photons called as

                 Photo Luminescence

• Phenomenon of bouncing back of light when a beam of light falls on a surface

                 Reflection

• Bending of light when a ray of light travels from one medium to another

                 Refraction

• Phenomena of Mirage in deserts, Twinkling of stars, bending scale immersed in water\glass etc are due to

                 Refraction

• Reason for refraction of light when travels from one medium to another

                 Phase velocity of wave is changed but its frequency remain constant

• Snell's law is related with

                 Refraction

• Fata Morgana is a term associated with

                 Mirage (Superior form of Mirage)

• Measure of optical density of a medium is

                 Refractive index [Speed of light in vacuum/Speed of light in medium]

• Refractive index of Vacuum

                 1 [Ice : 1.31, Water : 1.33]

• Refractive index of Diamond

                 2.42

• Working principle of Optical fiber, endoscopy, Vehicle reflectors, Binoculars

                 Total Internal Reflection

• Sparkling of Diamond is due to

                 Total internal reflection in high refractive index

• Splitting of composite beam of light into its constituent colors is called

                 Dispersion of light

• Dispersion of light is discovered by

                 Issac Newton

• Device used to split composite light into constituent colors

                 Prism

• Rainbow is caused by

                 Total internal reflection, refraction and dispersion of light by water particles

• Red color in rainbow is seen at an angle of

                 42.8 Degree

• Violet color in rainbow is seen at an angle of

                 40.8 Degree

• Shape of rainbow while seeing from space

                 Circle

• Distribution of light when two or more high waves superimpose each other is called

                 Interference

• Colors in soap bubbles, oil layers etc are due to

                 Interference

• Interference was first observed by

                 Thomas Young

• Working principle of Holography\Hologram

                 Interference

• Process of spreading out of light into geometrical shadow of obstacle is called as 

                 Diffraction

• Projector in film theaters works on the principle of 

                 Diffraction

• Rings around the sun, Fringe pattern of CD etc are due to

                 Diffraction

• Blue color of Sky, Reddening of Sun at sunrise and sunset are due to

                 Scattering of light

• The light color which scatters most

                 Violet (Having shorter wave length)

• The light color which scatters least

                 Red (Having longer wave length)

• Black color of sky in Moon is due to 

                 Absence of scattering of light as there is no atmosphere

• Phenomenon of confining the vibration of a transverse wave to a particular direction is called

                 Polarization

• Brewster's Law is associated with

                 Polarization of Light

• Example of natural polarizing material

                 Tourmaline

• Polaroids are using in 

                 Aeroplane and car windows, sun glasses, Three dimensional pictures

• Light scattering by the particles in a colloid is known as

                 Tyndal effect

• Example of Tyndal effect

                 Sunlight passing through mist, blue color seen in smoke emitted from motor cycles

• Change in frequency of a light or sound wave when source or observer moves with respect to the other is known as

                 Doppler effect

• Increase in frequency (decrease in wave length) of visible light when it moves towards observer is called

                 Blue Shift

• Decrease in frequency (Increase in wave length) of visible light when it moves towards observer is called

                 Red Shift

• Blue shift, Red Shift, High pitch of siren of approaching ambulance is due to

                 Doppler effect
                                                                                                  (To be Continued...)

Physics 3

പ്രകാശം, അതിൻറെ ഘടകവർണ്ണങ്ങൾ, നിയമങ്ങൾ, ഫോട്ടോ ഇലക്ട്രിക് എഫക്ട് തുടങ്ങിയ ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്നത്തെ പാഠത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്  

• Study of light

               Optics

• Speed of light

               3 x 108

• Time taken by Sun light to reach Earth

               8 Minute 20 Seconds (500 Sec)

• Time taken by Moon light to reach Earth

               1.3 Seconds

• Light travels fastest in

               Vacuum

• Light is an example of which wave type

               Transverse wave

• Speed of light was first measured by

               Ole Christian Romer

• Speed of light is least in which medium

               Diamond

• Density of light is maximum in which medium

               Diamond

• Density of light is minimum in which medium

               Vacuum

• Particles which travels faster than light

               Tachyons

• Tachyons were discovered by

               ECG Sudarshan

• Scientist who proved that light is an electro magnetic wave

               Henrich Hertz

• Unit of wavelength of light

               Angstrom

• Order of speed of light in different medium is

               Diamond<Glass<Water<Air<Vacuum

• Rainbow is always formed in 

               Opposite direction of Sun

• The Direction in which the rainbow is formed in morning

               West

• Color of sky in moon

               Black

• Reason for black Color of sky in moon

               Absence of atmosphere

• When a Red flower is observed through blue glass plate it appears as 

               Black

• Color of Green leaf in red light

               Black

• Color which is highly sensitive to human eye

               Yellow

• Color which is used in danger signals

               Red

• Color which is used Scientific labs for indicating danger

               Yellow

• Color used in fog lamp of vehicles

               Yellow

• Corpuscular theory of Light was proposed by

               Issac Newton

• Wave theory of Light was proposed by

               Christian Huygens

• Scientist who discovered that Sun Light consists of 7 colors

               Issac Newton

• Scientist who discovered that the light fastest in vacuum

               Leon Foucault

• Principle of three primary colors was proposed by

               Thomas Young

• Scientist who discovered that constituent colors join together to form composite light

               Issac Newton

• Electromagnetic wave theory was formulated by

               James Clerk Maxwell

• Scientist who proved that light is an electromagnetic wave

               Henrich Hertz

• Phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface such as Sodium or Potassium when light ray falls on it is known as 

               Photoelectric effect

• Photoelectric effect was proposed by

               Henrich Hertz

• Photoelectric effect was explained by

               Albert Einstein

• The law of Photoelectric effect was formulated by

               Albert Einstein

• Photoelectric effect was explained by Einstein on the basis of

               Quantum theory

• Photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of

               Electromagnetic theory

• In 1921 Albert Einstein got Nobel prize for

               Photoelectric effect

• Number of colors in visible light

               7 (VIBFYOR-Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red)

• Primary colors are 

               Red, Blue and Green

• Secondary colors are

               Yellow, Magenta and Cyan

• Primary colors used in television are 

               Red, Blue and Green

• Primary color pigments used in printing are 

               Yellow, Magenta, Cyan

• Colors obtained by mixing any two Primary colors are 

               Secondary Colors

• Green+Red=Yellow

• Blue+Red= Magenta

• Blue+Green= Cyan

• Any two colors which combined together to form white color is called  

               Complementary Colors

• Green+Magenta=White

• Blue+Yellow= White

• Red+Cyan= White

• Combining three primary colors we get

               White

• Distance between Sun and Earth is expressing in  

               Astronomical Unit

• Wavelength of visible light 

               400-700 nano meter
                                                                                                         (To be Continued...)